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anatomy > ankle and foot > Flashcards

ankle and foot Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the foot?

A
  • base for support
  • shock absorber
  • adapt to uneven surface
  • propulsion
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2
Q

what area is supported by three arches?

A
  • plantar vault
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3
Q

what part of the plantar vault contacts the ground?

A
  • big toe, little toe and calcaneal tuberosity
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4
Q

where is the medial arch?

A
  • inside of foot
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5
Q

what bones form the medial arch?

A
  • calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform and metatarsal 1
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6
Q

what are the characteristics of the medial arch?

A
  • highest arch
  • doesn’t contact the ground
  • flexible
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7
Q

what is the medial arch supported by?

A
  • plantar aponeurosis which acts as a supporting beam between two pillars
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8
Q

what ligament supports head of talus?

A
  • spring ligament
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9
Q

what three bones make up the lateral arch?

A
  • calcaneus
  • cuboid
  • metatarsal 5
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10
Q

what are the features of the lateral arch?

A
  • flat
  • more rigid
  • in contact with ground
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11
Q

what two tendons maintains curvature in lateral arch?

A
  • fibularis longus tendon and tibialis posterior
  • crosses under sole of foot
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12
Q

what muscle stabilises curvature of lateral arch?

A
  • transverse head of adductor longus
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13
Q

what makes up the anterior transverse arch?

A
  • formed by head of five metatarsals
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14
Q

what are the features of the anterior transverse arch?

A
  • flat
  • contacts ground
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15
Q

what supports the anterior transverse arch?

A
  • tibialis posterior
  • plantar ligament
  • deep transverse metatarsal
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16
Q

what is the staple type of support? give an example

A
  • bound together underneath to prevent them being separated by weight
    e.g. anterior transverse arch; metatarsals heads connected by deep transverse ligaments
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17
Q

what is the tie beam of support? give an example

A
  • connects two ends together and prevents separation when weightbearing
    e.g. plantar fascia extends from calcaneus to metatarsals
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18
Q

describe what plantar fascia is

A
  • thick fibrous tissue that spans the length of foot
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19
Q

what is the sling type of support? give an example

A
  • supported from above so when it contracts it pulls upwards to help support or raise arch
    e.g. peroneus longus has a long tendon and wraps around foot and attaches to bones underneath to support lateral
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20
Q

what is inversion?

A
  • sole of foot faces inwards
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21
Q

what is eversion?

A
  • sole of foot faces outwards
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22
Q

what is it called when the foot moves in all three planes?

A
  • tri- planar
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23
Q

what movement does inversion involve?

A
  • plantarflexion, adduction, supination
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24
Q

what movement does eversion involve?

A
  • dorsiflexion, abduction, pronation
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25
what are the properties of plantar vault?
- flexible so shock absorber - rigid to act as propulsive lever
26
describe heel strike in relation to the weight and arches
- foot comes down from air so hits down on heal - weight is through calcaneus - arches are raised as no weight through
27
describe stance phase in relation to vault and arches
- move forward and bring weight over foot - vault flattened= shock absorber - to ensure arches don't cause damage muscles contract to stop further flattening
28
what are the muscles called that contract to stop further flattening?
- plantar tighteners
29
describe heel off stage ; why is the foot rigid
- weight goes through the foot so don't want to collapse= plantar tighteners contract further so rigid body - rigid as caught between 2 forces; bodyweight down + plantar flexors raise foot
30
describe toe off and the mechanism it involves
- big toe extends ; tightens plantar fascia which reinforces medial arch - windlass mechanism - toe flexors push on ground to help toes push off
31
what are the three sections of the foot?
- hind foot, mid foot, fore foot
32
what movements happen on the floor?
- can transfer weight medially or laterally so foot adapts
33
what is the difference between pronation and supination
pronation= weight transfers medially supination= weight transfers laterally
34
describe pronation in hindfoot
- plantarflexes, adduct, pronates - medial arch flattens
35
describe pronation in forefoot
- dorsiflexes, abducts, supinates
36
describe supination in hindfoot
- dorsiflexors, abducts, supinates - medial arch rises
37
describe supination in forefoot
- plantarflexes, adducts, pronates
38
where do extrinsic muscles originate from and what do points where muscles attach give rise to?
- originates off of tibia, fibula and cross over ankle joint+ attach to foot - give rise to other actions that may contribute to
39
what are extrinsic muscle compartments separated by?
- thick fascia - osseous membrane between fibula and tibia
40
why are extrinsic muscles dangerous?
- if injured you can get compression as blood can't move
41
describe anterior compartment of ankle
- at the front so allows dorsiflexion as lift foot up at the front
42
where do both extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus cross? what action do they allow?
- cross ankle joint at the front - allow dorsiflexion - insert onto toes
43
origin, insertion and action of extensor digitorum longus (anterior)
o- proximal anterior shaft of fibula I- middle and distal phalanges 2nd-5th a- extends toes, dorsiflex ankle, evert foot
44
origin, insertion and action of extensor hallucis longus (anterior)
o- anterior surface of fibula I- base and dorsal centre of distal phalanx of big toe a- extends big toe, dorsiflexes ankle
45
where do tibialis anterior and fibularis tertius cross over? what action do they allow?
- cross over talocrural joint - attach onto tarsal bones of foot - contribute to inversion/ eversion
46
origin, insertion and action of tibialis anterior (anterior)
o- lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane I- underside of medial cuneiform and first metatarsal a- ankle dorsiflexor and inversion
47
origin, insertion and action of fibularis tertius (anterior)
o- distal anterior fibula I- dorsum shaft of 5th metatarsal a- forefoot eversion, weak dorsiflexor
48
describe posterior compartment of ankle- what movement can occur
- muscles attach to back of lower leg and cross over back of ankle joint - plantar flexion
49
origin, insertion and action of tibialis posterior (posterior)
o- posterior tibia and fibula I- navicular bone, all cuneiform bones, 2nd- 4th metatarsal a- plantarflexion, inversion
50
origin, insertion and action of flexor digitorum longus (posterior)
o- proximal ulna I- base of distal phalanx of 2-5 a- flexes distal phalanges, plantar flexors, inversion
51
origin, insertion and action of flexor hallucis longus (posterior)
o- distal shaft of fibula I- plantar surface distal phalanx a- flexes big toe, plantar flexors
52
origin, insertion and action of popliteus (posterior)
o- lateral femoral condyle I- posterior tibia a- internal rotation
53
origin, insertion and action of soleus (posterior)
o- extensive from tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane I- posterior calcaneus a- plantarflexes
54
origin, insertion and action of gastrocnemius (posterior)
o- medial/ lateral femur condyles I- posterior calcaneus a- plantarflexes
55
origin, insertion and action of plantaris (posterior)
o- lateral supracondylar femur I- posterior calcaneus a- weakly assists plantar
56
what is the triceps surae?
- superficial muscles collectively; gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris - share common tendon which attaches onto calcaneus
57
what is the function of triceps surae
- provides propulsion when walking or running
58
describe plantaris
- vestigial muscle contains longest tendon that attaches into calcaneus
59
describe lateral compartment and the movements produced
- inversion and eversion - tibialis anterior and posterior support inversion as tendons attach to medial side to produce supination - fibularis tertius involved in pronation
60
origin, insertion and action of fibularis brevis (peroneus) lateral
o- lower lateral fibula I- tuberosity on base of 5th metatarsal a- forefoot eversion, ankle plantarflexor
61
origin, insertion and action of fibularis longus (lateral)
o- lateral fibula I- 5th metatarsal a- plantarflex, everts foot
62
why is there no medial compartment?
- tibialis anterior and posterior do equivalent movement on medial side into inversion
63
describe intrinsic muscles
- start and finish on foot itself
64
origin, insertion and action of extensor digitorum brevis (dorsal)
o- anterior part of upper calcaneum I- extensor, expansion of 2nd, 3rd +4th toes a- extends toes
65
origin, insertion and action of extensor hallucis brevis (dorsal)
o- superior aspect of calcaneus I- base of proximal phalanx of big toe a- extends big toe
66
origin, insertion and action of dorsal interossei (lateral)
o- shafts of all metacarpals I- proximal phalanges a- adduct toes 3,4,5 towards 2nd toe ; contributes to flexion
67
describe plantar intrinsic foot muscles
- underside of foot - contains four layers - first layer most superficial
68
origin, insertion and action of adductor hallucis (first layer)
o= medial tubercle of calcaneus I= proximal phalanx of great toe a= abducts great toe
69
origin, insertion and action of flexor digitorum brevis (first layer)
o= medial tubercle of calcaneus I= middle phalanges of lateral four a= flexes lateral four
70
origin, insertion and action of abductor digiti minimi (first layer)
o= medial and lateral calcaneal tuberosity I= lateral side of proximal phalanx of 5th toe a= flexes and abducts 5th toe; supports lateral arch
71
origin, insertion and action of quadratus plantae (second layer)
o= medial and lateral sides of calcaneus I= tendons of flexor digitorum longus a= assists flexor digitorum longus to flex toes 2-5 when ankle is plantarflexed
71
origin, insertion and action of lumbricals (second layer)
o= tendon of flexor digitorum longus I= dorsal digital expansions of toes 2-5 a= maintains extension
72
origin, insertion and action of flexor hallucis brevis (third layer)
o= medial and lateral side of cuboid bone and cuneiform bone I= medial and lateral side of first phalanx of great toe a = flexion of hallux and big toe
73
origin, insertion and action of adductor hallucis (third layer)
o= two heads; oblique= 2,3,4 metatarsal I= plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments a= adducts great toe
74
origin, insertion and action of flexor digitorum minimi (third layer)
o= base of 5th metatarsal I= lateral side of proximal phalanx of 5th digit a= flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of 5th digit
75
origin, insertion and action of plantar interossei (fourth layer)
o= base and medial side of metatarsals 3-5 I= proximal phalanges 3-5 a= adduct digits 3-5 towards 2nd; flex and extend digits 3-5
76
what is plantar aponeurosis?
- strong piece of fascia which sits on top of all layers - helps support arch shape of foot
77
what ligament originates at tibia and extends to calcaneus? what does the ligament control?
- tibiocalcaneal - controls abduction of talus
78
what ligament connects talus and tibia on medial side? what does it control ?
- anterior tibiotalar - controls eversion
79
what ligament connects malleolus to navicular? what does it prevent?
- tibionavicular - becomes tenser with plantarflexion abduction - prevents eversion of hindfoot
80
what ligament connects calcaneus and fibula? what is its roles?
- calcaneofibular - provides lateral stabilisation to ankle joint and subtalar joint - primary restraint to inversion in neutral/ dorsiflexed position
81
what ligament originates from anterior edge of lateral malleolus of fibula ad attaches to neck of talus? what does it resist?
- anterior talofibular - resists inversion and plantarflexion of ankle

anatomy (17 decks)

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