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MABS Medical Anatomy > Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the spinal cord is a two way or one way conduction system?

A

two way

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2
Q

what is the spinal cord?

A

flattened tubular structure located within the vertebral canal and extends from medulla oblongata to approximately L1

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3
Q

where does the spinal cord extend in newborns?

A

it extends to L4 in newborn and the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord

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4
Q

what is the significance of the cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

they provide peripheral nerves for extremities like the arm, forearm, thigh and leg

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5
Q

what are the two structures you can find at the terminal end of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris and the film terminale

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6
Q

what is the conus medullaris?

A

tapering end of spinal cord

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7
Q

what is the filum terminale?

A

tissue (actually pia mater) than extends inferiorly to anchor spinal cord to coccyx, part of covering for spinal cord

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8
Q

what are the meninges?

A

connective tissue coverings that surround brain and spinal

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9
Q

what are the layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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10
Q

what is the dura mater?

A

the fibrous outer layer

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11
Q

what is the arachnoid mater?

A

middle later

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12
Q

what is the pia mater?

A

thin transparent layer that adheres to brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

where do we find the epidural space?

A

between dura and vertebral canal

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14
Q

where can we find the subarachnoid space?

A

formed by deep spider-like extensions of arachnoid&raquo_space; contains cerebral spinal fluid&raquo_space; protective layer around brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

what does the arachnoid space push against?

A

its pushed tight against the dura mater

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16
Q

what is the pia mater?

A

thin transparent layer that adheres to brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

what is an important structure we can find within the pia mater?

A

denticulate ligaments

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18
Q

what is the denticulate ligaments?

A

small-toothed, triangular extensions of pia that attach to arachnoid/dura mater&raquo_space; suspend spinal cord in center of meningeal sac

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19
Q

what kind of trauma can happen in the subdural space?

A

subdural hematoma

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20
Q

what is the subdural space? example of trauma affecting this area?

A

artificial space created by separation of dura and arachnoid&raquo_space; typically caused by trauma and nervous tissue dysfunction; subdural hematoma

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21
Q

what is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges typically due to infection of the CSF

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22
Q

what is a lumbar puncture?

A

procedure used to obtain needle access into subarachnoid space, you obtain cerebral spinal fluid, inject contrast dyes, test pressure, etc…

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23
Q

where is the lumbar puncture performed in the back?

A

in the L3/L4 or L4/L5 intervertebral space, inferior to the conus medullaris, additionally we use the supracristal line that passes through L4 with the patient bent forward to open vertebrae and puncture more easily

24
Q

what is the epidural space? why is this significant

A

a network of large thin walled blood vessels called the epidural venous plexus embedded within fatty tissue and so you can inject anesthetic here

25
Q

what is the white matter?

A

composed of tracts of myelinated axons because of myelin

26
Q

how is the white matter subdivided?

A

anterior, lateral, and posterior white columns

27
Q

what are tracts?

A

bundles of nerve fibers with a common origin and destination that carry similar information

28
Q

what are the tracts divided into?

A

ascending and descending tracts

29
Q

the ascending tracts are always sensory or motor?

A

sensory

30
Q

the descending tract are always sensory or motor?

A

motor

31
Q

what is the gray matter?

A

forms central H-shape composed of unmyelinated axons plus motor and interneurons

32
Q

what is the gray matter divided into?

A

dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn

33
Q

what is the dorsal horn divided into?

A

sensory functions

34
Q

what is the ventral horn divided into?

A

motor functions

35
Q

what is the lateral horn divided into?

A

only found in the thoracic region - autonomic/sympathetic function

36
Q

what are spinal roots?

A

these emerge from the spinal cord at each vertebral level

37
Q

what are the spinal roots divided into?

A

dorsal and ventral roots

38
Q

what are the dorsal roots; what important structure can we also note associated with the dorsal roots?

A

contain predominantly afferent fibers (sensory); contain cell bodies of primary sensory neurons

39
Q

what are the ventral roots?

A

contain efferent fibers (motor)

40
Q

what do the ventral and dorsal roots fuse to form?

A

spinal nerves

41
Q

how can we classify spinal nerves?

A

mixed

42
Q

where do the ventral and dorsal roots fuse?

A

at the intervertebral foramen

43
Q

how do the roots travel?

A

inferiorly before exiting vertebral column since spinal cord does not reach inferior end of spinal canal

44
Q

the L2 - Co1 spinal roots inferior to conus medullaris on route to exit at proper intervertebral foramen are also known as?

A

cauda equina

45
Q

the caudal equina is meninges or nervous tissue?

A

nervous tissue

46
Q

the filum terminale is meninges or nervous tissue?

A

meninges

47
Q

where do the spinal nerves exit from c1-c7?

A

they exit superior to vertebrae for which they are named

48
Q

where do the spinal nerves exit for c8?

A

exit between c7 and T1

49
Q

where do the spinal nerves exit from T1-Co1?

A

they exit inferior to the vertebrae for which they are named

50
Q

what is the myotome?

A

all muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve?

51
Q

with respect to myotomes, when you have muscles supplied by multiple spinal nerves what happens when you have loss of a spinal nerve?

A

it will result in muscle weakness

52
Q

what do myotomes help with in a clinical setting?

A

tests muscle strength and reflexes to determine what spinal nerves are affected or fine

53
Q

what are dermatomes?

A

area of skin that that provides sensory information via a single set of spinal nerves

54
Q

what is usually indicated if symptoms follow a dermatome (pain, loss of sensation or a rash)?

A

a pathology that involves the spinal nerve

55
Q

what is the result if there is dermatome overlap?

A

sensation would be lessened not lost

MABS Medical Anatomy (35 decks)

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