Glandular GI

Question 1

two large glands associated with the foregut?

Answer 1

Liver/gall bladder

Pancreas

Question 2

Three smaller glands are associated with the oral cavity:

Answer 2

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

Question 3

Three distinct salivary glands are associated with the oral cavity.

Answer 3

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

Question 4

what is the function of the parotid gland?

Answer 4

drains into the oral cavity through a duct that pierces the cheek

Question 5

what is the function of the submandibular gland?

Answer 5

drains into the floor of the oral cavity through a duct that has an opening on the sublingual caruncle

Question 6

what is the function of the sublingual gland?

Answer 6

in the floor of the oral cavity; opens through many small ducts

Question 7

name this organ

about 2.5% of body weight (4 lbs)
occupies right and left upper quadrants of the abdomen
receives most of the venous outflow of the GI tract

Answer 7

liver

Question 8

attached to visceral surface of liver
stores and concentrates bile
releases bile into duodenum

Answer 8

Gallbladder

Question 9

retroperitoneal
exocrine and endocrine function
releases exocrine secretory product into duodenum

Answer 9

Pancreas

Question 10

The main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct near the duodenum. Where these two structures join, the newly formed duct forms an enlargement called ?

Answer 10

the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla = saccular dilation).

Question 11

this structure penetrates the wall of the duodenum and opens through a lumen on the major duodenal papilla?

Answer 11

The hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 12

what supplies the pancreas?

Answer 12

branches of the celiac trunk and it also receives blood from branches of the superior mesenteric artery, the main artery supplying the midgut.

Question 13

what drains the pancreas?

Answer 13

(hepatic) portal vein

Question 14

what are the surfaces of the liver?

Answer 14

diaphragmatic and visceral. These two areas meet at the inferior border. The liver is covered by peritoneum except at the bare area.

Question 15

what surface can we see the gallbladder? where is it attached?

Answer 15

visceral surface; The gallbladder is firmly attached to the liver at a site referred to as the fossa of the gallbladder.

Question 16

what is the falciform ligament?

Answer 16

A ligament of the liver demarcates a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe.

Question 17

what attaches the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm?

Answer 17

The coronary ligaments

Question 18

what is the porta hepatis?

Answer 18

the “doorway” into and out of the liver.

Question 19

what enters and leaves the porta hepatis?

Answer 19

the hepatic arteries enter the liver in addition to the portal vein

Question 20

what exits the the liver at the porta hepatis?

Answer 20

The hepatic ducts (carrying bile away from the liver) exit

Question 21

what makes up the portal triad?

Answer 21

the hepatic arteries, portal veins and hepatic ducts make up the “portal triad”

Question 22

what are the left over structures from fetal life?

Answer 22

The ligamentum venosum and round ligament are left-over structures

Question 23

what defines the anatomical lobes? what about the functional lobes?

Answer 23

falciform ligament

right and left, are defined as the liver regions supplied by the right and left hepatic arteries, respectively.

Question 24

how does the porta hepatis divide?

Answer 24

the hepatic artery proper divides into right and left hepatic arteries, the portal vein divides into right and left branches, and the right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct.

Question 25

what is the pancreas divided into?

Answer 25

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

Question 26

what is the gallbladder divided into?

Answer 26

fundus, body and neck

Question 27

what is the neck of the gallbladder divided into?

Answer 27

The neck is directed toward the porta hepatis and is connected to the cystic duct, which connects to the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. The neck includes a valve mechanism that regulates flow of bile into and out of the gallbladder.

Question 28

what is the blood supply of the gallbladder? Venous supply?

Answer 28

derives from the celiac trunk

One branch of the celiac trunk, the common hepatic artery (present but not labeled in the picture), becomes the proper hepatic artery, which terminates by branching into the right and left hepatic arteries. The right hepatic artery gives rise to the cystic artery, which supplies the gallbladder.

Venous blood draining from the gallbladder takes an unusual route. Instead of flowing into a vein that follows the arterial supply, the venous blood from the gallbladder flows directly into the liver. From there it flows into hepatic veins, which join the inferior vena cava.

Question 29

what is the reference point surgeons use when extracting the gallbladder?

Answer 29

A first step in gallbladder extraction is to locate the cystic artery by dissection and ligate it. To locate the cystic artery, surgeons will find the cystohepatic triangle (“triangle of Calot”) that has as borders the cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and the inferior border of the liver (not shown). The cystic artery is nearly always within the bounds of this triangle.

Question 30

Overview of Venous Blood Flow from the GI Tract

Answer 30

Blood is collected from foregut structures by a splenic vein; from midgut structures by a superior mesenteric vein; and from hindgut structures by an inferior mesenteric vein.

These veins join in a characteristic fashion. Usually, the inferior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein and the splenic and superior mesenteric veins join to form the hepatic portal vein, which delivers the deoxygenated blood to the liver. In the liver, this blood flows into liver sinusoids (the capillary system of the liver). This is where absorbed nutrients can be removed for processing by liver cells.

The blood is collected from the liver sinusoids and then delivered, by way of the inferior vena cava, to the right side of the heart.

The unusual aspect of a “portal” system is that blood is collected from a capillary bed and then delivered to another capillary bed before going to the heart.