lecture 1

Question 1

what is gross anatomy?

Answer 1

study of structures that can be examined visually without a microscope

Question 2

what is anatomy?

Answer 2

study of the structures of the body and the relationships among these structures

Question 3

What types of approaches can be used in the study of gross anatomy?

Answer 3

we can use a regional or systems based approach in addition to incorporating imaging like x-rays and MRI’s.

Question 4

what is microscopic anatomy?(like histology and cytology)

Answer 4

study of structures at the microscopic level

Question 5

what is developmental anatomy (embryology)

Answer 5

study of structures from fertilization to birth

Question 6

what is the anatomical position?

Answer 6

standing erect, head level, eyes facing forward, feet on flat surface facing forward, arms at side, palms facing forward

Question 7

with reference to the penis, why is it crucial to have it in the anatomically correct position?

Answer 7

the penis has a dorsal vein and so it must be erect not flaccid to promote proper anatomical standards. Because if it is in the flaccid position the dorsal vein is “not dorsal”

Question 8

what comprises the body cavities?

Answer 8

the dorsal/ventral cavity and the ventral/anterior cavity.

Question 9

what comprises the dorsal/ventral cavity?

Answer 9

cranial cavity housing the brain and the spinal/vertebral cavity containing the spinal cord

Question 10

what comprises the ventral/anterior cavity?

Answer 10

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

Question 11

how many cavities does the thoracic cavity contain?

Answer 11

3, the pleural, pericardial and the mediasternal cavity

Question 12

what is the difference between examining the abdominopelvis from a regional vs quadrant standpoint.

Answer 12

abdominoquadrant is examined left upper and so on whereas abdominopelvic regions are examined from right hypochondriac region to left iliac region

Question 13

what is radiography

Answer 13

single barrage of X-rays passed through anatomical structures producing a 2-dimensional image on X-ray film&raquo_space; relatively inexpensive and simple to perform

Question 14

how should the image appear on paper if the x-rays pass through dense objects like the bones?

Answer 14

appear white on paper

Question 15

how should the image appear on paper if the x-rays pass through hollow structures like the lungs?

Answer 15

appear black on paper

Question 16

how should the image appear on paper if the x-rays are partially absorbed by intermediate density structures like skin, muscle, adipose tissue?

Answer 16

appear as varying shades of gray

Question 17

what are some basic radiography modifications?

Answer 17

low doses for use in examining soft tissues like a mammography and bone density. Also contrast radiography which uses contrast medium to visualize hollow or fluid filled structures

Question 18

name some examples of contrast radiography

Answer 18

mammography/angiography, intravenous urography, and barium contrast x-ray

Question 19

what is computed tomography?

Answer 19

x-ray tube rotates around the patient and computer collects the results with resulting sections displayed on a video monitor

Question 20

when CT scanning used?

Answer 20

used in bone injuries, lung and chest imaging, detecting cancer; widely used in ER settings because of its 5 minute availability; can also use oral and intravenous contrasts sometimes

Question 21

what is an MRI?

Answer 21

utilizes a high energy magnetic field to cause hydrogen atoms in water to emit a radio frequency signal&raquo_space; provides high definition imaging of soft tissues

Question 22

when is MRI imaging used?Drawbacks?

Answer 22

widely used to image nervous tissue, muscle, tendon, ligaments and cancers; lacks ionizing radiation and cannot be used in patients with any type of metal device or implant.

Question 23

what is ultrasound scanning?

Answer 23

high frequency sound waves reflect off body tissues to produce a video on a monitor&raquo_space; all from a hand-held device (slide 14) “future stethoscope of the 21st century”

Question 24

what can we use ultrasound scanning for?pros/cons?

Answer 24

completely safe and painless, considered the stethoscope of the 21st century. Common uses for fetal development, used to observe size, location and actions of organs or pooling of blood; also the doppler ultrasound is used to determine the flow rate through a blood vessel

Question 25

what is a PET scan?

Answer 25

looking for physiological activity and produces gamma radiation (carcinogenic) and done when needed

Question 26

what is the benefit of using a PET scan?

Answer 26

it demonstrates where the positron is being used within the body in which brighter colors indicate regions of greater activity and has very common uses in the physiology of the brain and heart

Question 27

what is radio nucleotide scanning?

Answer 27

radioactive substance introduced intravenously and gamma cameras detect location of accumulation&raquo_space; fed into a computer to produce an image (slide 16). Radioactive iodine looking at the thyroid gland, heart and kidneys

Question 28

what is endoscopy?

Answer 28

the use of an endoscope which is a flexible instrument with a lighted end + lens and used to visually examine body organs or cavities

Question 29

what are some examples in which endoscopy would be used?

Answer 29

colonoscopy, laparoscopy, arthroscopy

Question 30

what is colonoscopy?

Answer 30

used to examine lining of the colon

Question 31

what is laproscopy?

Answer 31

used to examine organs within the abdominal cavity

Question 32

what is arthroscopy?

Answer 32

used to examine interior of a joint slide