lecture 6 Flashcards
pelvic girdle and lower extremity
identify the three bones that fused to form the coxal bones?
ilium, pubis, and the ischium
what are the features of the ischium?
lateral aspect: acetabulum ischial spine lesser sciatic notch ischial tuberosity ramus of ischium
medial aspect: body of ischium ischial spine lesser sciatic notch ramus of ischium ischial tuberosity
what are the features of the ilium?
lateral aspect: ala body iliac crest posterior superior iliac spine posterior inferior iliac spine greater sciatic notch anterior superior iliac spine anterior inferior iliac spine
medial aspect: iliac crest anterior superior iliac spine iliac fossaanterior inferior iliac spine arcuate line tuberosity of ilium articular surface of ilium posterior superior iliac spine posterior inferior iliac spine greater sciatic notch
what are the features of the pubis?
lateral aspect:
pubic tubercle
medial aspect: pecten pubis superior ramus of the pubis body of pubis inferior ramus of the pubis
identify the components of the pelvic brim?
also known as the pelvic inlet, comprised of the sacral promontory, the arcuate lines, iliopectineal lines, pubis symphysis
Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis.
region superior to pelvic brim and comprises inferior portion of abdominal cavity; region inferior to pelvic brim
Identify the pelvic outlet and the axis of the pelvis and it
pelvic outlet is the level of inferior tips of coccyx to inferior tip of pubic symphysis; the axis of the pelvis can be found when you draw perpendicular lines though the pelvic inlet and then following axis of concavity and so this is the path of baby’s head during parturition
Distinguish between the male and female pelvis.
refer to note
what are the bones of the lower extremity?
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges
where is the femur?
articulates with the coxal bone proximally and the patella and tibia distally
what are the anatomical features of the femur?
fovea capitus, neck, greater/lessor trochanters, gluteal tuberosity and linear aspera, medal/lateral condyles, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface, adductor tubercle
where is the fovea capitus?
depression within the head of the femur and attachment site for the ligament that secures the head to the acetabulum
what is the significance of the head of the femur?
it connects the head to the shaft of the femur and the most common site for pelvic fractures
what is the most common site for pelvic fractures?
the neck
T/F, the Q angle is used in association with the neck?
T, angle formed by a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine through the center of the patella and a line drawn from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle
what are the typical values for men?women?
12 degrees for men, 17 degrees for women
what happens with an increased Q angle?
genu valgum or knock knees
what happens with decreased Q angle?
bowed legs, this condition and knock knees can give rise to knee pathologies
where are the lesser and greater trochanters?
projections that serve as attachment points for gluteal and thigh muscles
what are the anatomic features of the greater and lesser trochanters?
inter trochanter crest, located between greater and lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter which is used as a landmark for IM injections in the lateral thigh
what are the gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera?
features on posterior femur for muscle attachment
what do the medial and lateral condyles articulate with?
articulate with corresponding structures of tibia
what is the intercondylar fossa?
site of cruciate ligaments
what is the adductor tubercle?
site of muscle attachment
what is the patella?
the sesamoid bone that develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris and increases muscle leverage and maintain position of tendon when leg is flexed
what are the components of the patella?
the base(broad superior region) and the apex (pointed inferior region)
so the patella has paired articular facets on the posterior surface that articulate with what?
the distal femur
what type of clinical correlation can we see with injury to the patella?
runner’s knee»_space; caused by over use of improper tracking of patella over femur
where is the tibia?
medial bone of the leg
what comprises the tibia?
lateral and medial condyle intercondylar eminence tibial tuberosity medial malleolus anterior crest
how does the tibia articulate with the fibula?
via the proximal tibiofibular joint and the distal tibiofibular joint
what is the fibula?
lateral bone of the leg
what is the anatomical feature of the fibula?
the lateral malleolus
where is the lateral malleolus?
lateral prominence of the ankle that articulates with talus
T/F, the fibula bears a great deal of weight?
F, it heals rapidly and used as a source for graft bone
what are the tarsal bones?
talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform and so remember the mnemonic = Tiger Cubs Need MILC
what are the functions for the arch of the foot?
allows for weight distribution, not rigid (shock absorbers), provides leverage during walking
when are the arches fully developed?
developed by 12
how can clinical applications be applied to the arches of the feet?
flat feet, pes cavus, congenital talipes, bunion
what can be noted about the flat foot?
it can be asymptomatic, occurs due to loosening of tendons and ligaments that support the arch, not treated if not associated with pain
what can be noted about the pes cavus (high arches)?
can be a normal asymptomatic anatomical variant or can be due to different neurological disorders
what does pes cavus mean?
high arches
what does talipes mean?
club foot
what can be noted about congenital talipes?
feet turned medially and inverted, genetic factors plus in utero positioning thought to play a role
what is a bunion?
lateral deviation of the hallux
how does a bunion occur?
genetic in origin and so this leads to improper bone structure and loose tendons and so can be considered genetic deformity that can lead to bunion and aggravated by footwear
what are the spines of the ilium?
posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine
what features can be found on the medial surface of the ilium?
iliac fossa, iliac tuberosity, auricular surface, arcuate line
what is the iliac fossa?
cavity for muscle attachment
what is the iliac tuberosity?
site of attachment for the sacroiliac ligament
what articulates with the auricular surface?
articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint
what is the greater sciatic notch?
allows passage of sciatic nerve
what is the pubis?
it consists of a body plus an inferior and a superior ramus
what are the features of the pubis?
surface for the pubic symphysis, pubic tubercle, iliopectineal line and the pubic arch
how is the pubic arch formed?
formed by the inferior rami of both pubes
what comprises the ischium?
body and ramus
what is the body of the ischium comprised of?
ischial spine and lesser sciatic notch
what is the ramus of the ischium comprised of?
ischial tuberosity
what is significant about the ischial tuberosity located on the ramus of the ischium?
known as the sitter bone and a great landmark to find everything relative to it
this is known as the sitter bone and a great landmark to find everything relative to it?
the ischial tuberosity
why is the articulation of the ramus with the inferior ramus of the pubis important?
it forms the obturator (closed up) foramen and allows passage of nerves and blood vessels, but mostly sealed with fibrous tissue
what is the acetabulum (vinegar cup)?
socket for the head of the femur
what are the features of the acetabulum?
its formed at the juncture of the iliac, ischium, and pubis and the acetabular notch which gives rise to foramen that allows nutrient vessels to service joint
