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MABS Medical Anatomy > lecture 5 > Flashcards

lecture 5 Flashcards

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

where is the pectoral girdle and what does it attach too?

A

it attaches upper limb to axial skeleton and is composed of two bones

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2
Q

what comprises the pectoral girdle?

A

the clavicle and the scapula

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3
Q

what are the anatomical relationships of the clavicle?

A

1) it lies horizontally anterior and superior to the bony thorax
2) its superior to the first rib
3) it articulates medially with manubrium (sternoclavicular joint) and laterally with the acromial process of the scapula (acromioclavicular joint)

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4
Q

it lies horizontally anterior and superior to the?

A

bony thorax

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5
Q

what is the clavicle also superior too?

A

the first rib

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6
Q

what does the clavicle articulate medially and laterally with?

A

medially with the manubrium (*sternoclavicular joint) and laterally with the acromial process of the scapula *(acromioclavicular joint)

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7
Q

what are the features of the clavicle?

A

acromial extremity, sternal extremity, conoid tubercle and costal tuberosity

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8
Q

where is the conoid tubercle attachment site?

A

on the conoid ligament to coracoid process of the scapula

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9
Q

what is the costal tuberosity attachment site?

A

attachment for the rhomboid ligament which connects inferiorly to the 1st rib

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10
Q

what is the scapula?

A

triangular bone that forms the shoulder blade

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11
Q

what are the anatomical relationships of the scapula?

A

it lies in posterior superior thorax, between levels of 2nd and 7th ribs, medial border parallel to and approx 2-3 inches form vertebral column

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12
Q

what are the features of the scapula?

A

it has medial, lateral and superior borders, superior and inferior angles, scapular notch, spine, acromion, coracoid, glenoid cavity, fossae

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13
Q

where is the scapular notch?

A

located on the superior border and allows passage of supra scapular nerve

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14
Q

where is the spine?

A

the ridge running diagonally on the posterior surface

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15
Q

where is the acromion?

A

flattened lateral end of spine, the superior most point of the bony shoulder and it articulates with the clavicle

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16
Q

what is the acro?

A

top or summit

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17
Q

what attaches to the coracoid process?

A

site of muscle attachment

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18
Q

what coracoid (kokakodes) also translate too?

A

like a crow’s beak

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19
Q

what articulates with the glenoid cavity (fossa)?

A

it articulates with head of the humerus

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20
Q

what are the fossae associated with the scapula?

A

they serve as attachment points for shoulder muscles and each is decriptively named

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21
Q

name the fossae associated with the scapula?

A

infraspinatus fossa, supraspinatus fossa, sub scapular fossa

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22
Q

what is the humerus?

A

the long bone of the arm

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23
Q

what are the anatomical relationships of the humerus?

A

it articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa and distally with the radius and ulna

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24
Q

what does the humerus articulate proximally with?

A

the glenoid fossa

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25
Q

what does the humerus articulate distally with?

A

the radius and ulna

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26
Q

name the features of the proximal humerus?

A

greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, inter tubercular groove, anatomical neck, surgical neck

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27
Q

describe the greater tubercle?

A

lateral most bony landmark of shoulder

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28
Q

what is significant about the anatomical neck?

A

its the site of the epiphyseal plate

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29
Q

what is significant of the surgical neck?

A

common site of fracture

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30
Q

what are the features of the diaphysis?

A

deltoid tuberosity and the radial groove

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31
Q

what should be noted about the radial groove?

A

its where the radial nerve runs through

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32
Q

what are the features of the distal epiphysis?

A

medial and lateral epicondyles, capitulum, trochlea, coronoid, radial fossa, olecranon fossa

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33
Q

what do the medial and lateral epicondyles attache too?

A

they are the attachment sites for forearm muscles

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34
Q

what is the capitulum also known as?

A

small head

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35
Q

describe the capitulum and where it articulates?

A

rounded surface that articulates with head of radius

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36
Q

describe the trochle and its articulation?

A

spool shaped articulating with ulna

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37
Q

coronoid fossa is also known as the ____?

A

so krone for crown shaped

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38
Q

where is the coronoid located?

A

its a depression that receives coronoid process of ulna when forearm is flexed

39
Q

what is the radial fossa?

A

depression that receives head of radius when forearm is flexed

40
Q

what is the olecranon fossa

A

depression that receives olecranon of ulna when forearm is extended; prevents the arm from hyperextending

41
Q

what are the bones of the forearm?

A

ulna, radius

42
Q

describe the forearm

A

connected via interosseous membrane providing attachment for deeper muscles of the forearm

43
Q

describe the ulna?

A

medial bone of the forearm and has proximal and distal features

44
Q

what are the proximal features of the ulna?

A

olecranon process, trochlear notch, radial notch

45
Q

what is the olecranon process?

A

forms the prominence of the elbow

46
Q

what does the trochlear notch articulate with?

A

it articulates with the trochlea of the humerus to form the portion of the elbow joint

47
Q

what does the radial notch articulate with?

A

it articulates with the head of the radius to form proximal radioulnar joint

48
Q

what are the distal features of the ulna?

A

its a head with styloid process

49
Q

describe the radius?

A

lateral bone of the forearm

50
Q

what are the proximal features of the radius?

A

head and radial tuberosity

51
Q

describe the head of the radius?

A

disc shaped that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and radial notch of the ulna to form the portion of the elbow joint

52
Q

describe the radial tuberosity of the radius?

A

its the attachment point for the biceps brachii

53
Q

what does the distal portion of the radius articulate with?

A

so the distal features of the radius comes as a concave surface articulating with lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum to form the radiocarpal or wrist joint

54
Q

what is another distal feature of the ulnar notch?

A

it articulates with the head of the ulna to form distal radioulnar joint

55
Q

how many regions does the hand consist of ?

A

three regions

56
Q

name the regions of the hand?

A

carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges

57
Q

what is the carpus?

A

comprised of short and sesamoid bones of the wrist

58
Q

what are the components of the carpus?

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

59
Q

what pneumonic can we use to remember the bones of the carpum?

A

So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb

60
Q

scaphoid nickname?

A

skiff or boat

61
Q

lunate nickname?

A

moon

62
Q

triquetrum nickname?

A

three shaped

63
Q

hamate nickname?

A

little hook

64
Q

capitate nickname?

A

head

65
Q

trapezoid nickname?

A

4 sided

66
Q

what is significant about the pisiform?

A

sesamoid bone within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris and does not develop until approx 12 years of age

67
Q

the hamate can be considered a landmark for the carpus of the hand?

A

yes

68
Q

what is the metacarpus of the hand?

A

comprised of long bones of the palm of the hand

69
Q

the digits are numbered, what number is the thumb?

A

the thumb is one

70
Q

what are the phalanges?

A

they are the long bones of the finger

71
Q

what are the common fractures of the upper extremities

A

clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and hand

72
Q

how do fractures of the clavicle occur?

A

often due to indirect force of falling on an outstretched arm, its the weakest point of juncture, weight of the limb causes depression of shoulder and overriding of fractured ends, also misrepresented as fractures due to genetic defect

73
Q

with respect to the clavicle, where is the most common point of the fracture?

A

in the S region and when it breaks, it slides in together not out

74
Q

so if the fracture of clavicle can be misdiagnosed as a genetic defect, how can this be?

A

a genetic defect of 1st degree and 2nd degree ossification centers not fusing and so defect misdiagnosis occurs normally by age 31

75
Q

how can the fracture of the scapula occur?

A

rarely fractured outside of severe trauma and treatment require little treatment due to covering of muscles

76
Q

how can fractures of the humerus occur?

A

can occur in multiple sites and nerve damage always needs to be considered

77
Q

what is the most common fracture of the humerus seen in elderly people?

A

fractures of the surgical neck even with low impact falls

78
Q

name some types of fractures that affect the humerus?

A

impacted fracture, avulsion fracture, transverse fracture, spiral fracture, intercondylar fracture

79
Q

describe the impacted fracture?

A

fragment of one end driven into spongy bone of the other end and so its a stable fracture allowing passive movement of arm with little pain

80
Q

describe the avulsion fracture of the greater tubercle?

A

small part of tubercle with attached tendon avulsed, like a sliver take off to make an arrowhead

81
Q

what is the transverse fracture of the humerus?

A

result of a direct blow and the deltoid carries proximal fragment laterally

82
Q

what is the spiral fracture of the humerus?

A

overriding oblique ends result in bone shortening resulting in the fall of an outstretched arm

83
Q

what is the intercondylar fracture of the humerus?

A

results from severe fall on flexed elbow and so the olecranon acts as wedge between medial and lateral condyle

84
Q

the humerus has a strong periosteum surrounded by muscle and bone fragments untie well, T/F?

A

true

85
Q

what is the colles fracture of the radius?

A

it is the distal fragment of the radius dislocated dorsally

86
Q

how does the colles fracture result?

A

dinner fork deformity, avulsion of styloid process of ulna often a co-occurrence and is produced by the hyperextension of the hand while breaking a fall; common in patients with osteoporosis

87
Q

where do fractures of the hand result?

A

scaphoid, hamate, metacarpals and phalanges

88
Q

how does the scaphoid fracture of the hand result?

A

by breaking fall on abducted and or hyperextended hand

89
Q

describe the pain of a scaphoid hand?

A

immediate but fracture may not initially show on radiograph until 10-14 days later likewise with other carpals as well

90
Q

what is vascularization of the scaphoid like?

A

poor and so slow to heal with increased risk of vascular necrosis

91
Q

how does a hamate fracture of the hand occur?

A

most commonly fractured in sports using a racket, bat, club

92
Q

which nerve can be affected by a hamate fracture?

A

the ulnar nerve leading to loss of innervation to intrinsic hand muscles like loss of grip

93
Q

can hamate fracture affect action?

A

yes, action of attached muscles can inhibit re union of fractures and often requires surgical intervention for healing

94
Q

how can the metacarpals and phalanges be affected?

A

by crushing or hyperextension injuries

MABS Medical Anatomy (35 decks)

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