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MABS Medical Anatomy > lecture 20 > Flashcards

lecture 20 Flashcards

Thigh foot and leg

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh and leg?

A

superficial fascia and this lies deep to the skin

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2
Q

what is the deep fascia of the lower limb?

A

fascia lata and the crural fascia

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3
Q

what is the fascia fata?

A

deep fascia of the thigh separated into three compartments

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4
Q

what the three components of the the fascia lata is divided into?

A

anterior, medial, and posterior

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5
Q

what is the function of the fascia lata?

A

this encloses the large thigh muscles and thickens laterally reinforced by the iliotibial tract that attaches to the anterolateral tubercle of the tibia (Gerdy tubercle)

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6
Q

describe the iliotibial tract

A

aponeurosis of tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus

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7
Q

what is the anterolateral tubercle of the tibia also known as?

A

Gerdy tubercle

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8
Q

Crural fascia is the deep fascia of the leg, T/F?

A

True

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9
Q

what are the three compartments of the crural facia?

A

anterior
lateral
posterior

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10
Q

what movements are noted for each of the 3 compartments of the crural fascia?

A

anterior - dorsiflexor
lateral - fibular
posterior - plantarflexor

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11
Q

how are the compartments of the lower limb seen as useful?

A

they contain groups of muscles contributing to a common action

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12
Q

how are the compartments of the thigh organized?

A

anterior, medial, posterior

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13
Q

what are the functions in each of the thigh compartments?

A

anterior - extend leg at knee joint, flex thigh at hip joint
medial - adduct thigh
posterior - flex leg at knee joint, extend thigh at hip joint

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14
Q

since we know that the leg compartments are divided into anterior, lateral and posterior, how would you describe the function of each of the compartments?

A

anterior - dorsiflexion and invert the foot
lateral - evert the foot
posterior - plantarflexion

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15
Q

term for part of the foot directed superiorly?

A

dorsum of the foot

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16
Q

term for part of the contacting the ground?

A

sole or plantar region

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17
Q

what is the term for part of the foot underlying the calcaneus?

A

the heel

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18
Q

what is the term for the part underlying the heads of the medial two metatarsals?

A

ball of the foot

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19
Q

medical term the 1st toe called?

A

great toe

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20
Q

medical term for the 5th toe?

A

little toe

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21
Q

describe the skin of the dorsum of the foot

A

thin with loose subcutaneous tissue

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22
Q

what medical condition can happen to the skin of the dorsum of the foot?

A

edema

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23
Q

what is the plantar fascia?

A

holds the foot together, protects the sole and helps support the longitudinal arches

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24
Q

what is the plantar aponeurosis?

A

runs from the calcaneus to the fibrous digital sheaths where it forms the superficial transverse metatarsal ligament.

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25
Q

the fibrous septa found in the sole of the foot divide creating this?

A

shock absorbing pads and the fibrous septa also serve as good anchors

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26
Q

where are the foot compartments located in the foot? how many are there?

A

mid foot and forefoot; 5

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27
Q

this septa forms 3 compartments of the foot?

A

vertical intermuscular septa

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28
Q

where is the fourth compartment located?

A

surrounded by the plantar and dorsal interosseous fascias

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29
Q

what is the fourth compartment of the foot called?

A

Interosseous compartment of the foot

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30
Q

where is the fifth compartment of the foot located?

A

lies between the dorsal fascia of the foot and the tarsal bones and the dorsal interosseous fascia of the midfoot and forefoot

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31
Q

what is the fifth compartment called?

A

Dorsal compartment of the foot

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32
Q

what plexus supplies the gluteal region and the thigh compartments?

A

lumbosacral plexus

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33
Q

what is the general innervation for the following?

Anterior compartment
Medial compartment
Posterior compartment

A 
Anterior compartment (femoral nerve)
Medial compartment (obturator nerve)
Posterior compartment (sciatic nerve)
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34
Q

what is the innervation to the gluteal region?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves

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35
Q

the anterior compartment of the thigh is the largest of the three compartments, T/F?

A

T

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36
Q

what locomoters are found in the anterior compartment?

A

flexors of the hip and extensors of the knee

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37
Q

what muscles are found in the anterior compartment?

A

Flexors of the hip joint: pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius

Extensors of the knee: quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

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38
Q

describe the shape of the pectineus

A

Flat quadrangular muscle, located in the superomedial anterior thigh

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39
Q

what muscles combine to form the Iliopsoas?

A

Merger of the psoas major and iliacus

40
Q

this muscle of the anterior compartment is the most superficial and passes obliquely over across the thigh

A

sartorius

41
Q

when acting bilaterally, this muscle of the anterior compartment puts limb in the cross legged sitting position

A

sartorius

42
Q

what comprises the medial compartment muscles?

A

Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

43
Q

what is the medial compartment of the thigh innervated by?

A

obturator nerve

44
Q

this is the largest adductor in the medial compartment? what is it comprised of?

A

adductor magnus; adductor part and hamstrings

45
Q

name the muscle that is formed from each of the three thigh compartments forming a common tendinous insertion into the superior part of the medial surface of the tibia?

A

pes anserinus

46
Q

*what is the femoral triangle?

A

is a wedge-shaped depression in the upper thigh inferior to the inguinal ligament

*a subfascial formation bound by muscles of the upper thigh and is a useful landmark in dissection and in understanding relationships in the groin

47
Q

what are the boundaries that comprise the femoral triangle?

A

borders, floor, and roof

48
Q

what are the borders of the femoral triangle, name the structures found in them?

A

Superior - Inguinal ligament
Medial - Adductor longus muscle
Lateral - Sartorius muscle

49
Q

what structures are found in the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially

50
Q

what structures are found in the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

Fascia lata, subcutaneous tissue and skin

51
Q

what contents can we find in the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, deep inguinal lymph nodes

52
Q

what are the thigh muscles of the posterior compartment?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris long head
Biceps femoris short head

53
Q

of the following thigh muscles in the posterior compartment, which three are the hamstring muscles?

A

Biceps femoris (LH), semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

54
Q

what is the criteria for hamstrings?

A
  • Proximal attachment to the ischial tuberosity
  • Span and act on two joints (producing extension at hip and flexion at knee)
  • Innervation by the tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
55
Q

in the posterior compartment, this muscle is half tendinous and is part of the pes anserinus formation

A

semitendinous

56
Q

this muscle of the posterior compartment is a broad muscle with a flattened membranous part?

A

semimembranosus

57
Q

this muscle of the posterior compartment is a two headed muscle with a common tendon attaching to the head of the fibula

A

biceps femoris

58
Q

what compartments is the leg divided into?

A

anterior, posterior, lateral

59
Q

what locomotors can be found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

dorsiflexors of the ankle joint and extensors of the toes

60
Q

what are the boundaries of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

anteriorly by the deep fascia of the leg and skin

between the lateral surface of the tibia and medial surface of the fibula

posteriorly by the interosseous membrane

61
Q

T/F the small anterior compartment found in the anterior compartment of the leg is confined and most susceptible to compartment syndromes?

A

T

62
Q

what does the deep fascia of the anterior compartment of the leg form?

A

the superior and inferior extensor retinacula

63
Q

what are the muscles found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

64
Q

what is the vasculature of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

anterior tibial artery

65
Q

what is the innervation of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

66
Q

Name this artery based on the following for the supply to the anterior compartment of the leg:

  • A terminal branch of the popliteal artery
  • Becomes the doralis pedis artery at the ankle joint
A

anterior tibial artery

67
Q

what are the locomoters found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

evertors of the foot

68
Q

how is the lateral compartment of the leg bounded?

A

Bounded anteriorly by the deep fascia of the leg and skin, located between the lateral surface of the fibula and the anterior and posterior intermuscular septa

69
Q

where does the lateral compartment of the leg end?

A

inferiorly at the superior fibular retinaculum which is between the fibula and calcaneus.

70
Q

the lateral compartment of the leg is the smallest of the leg, T/F?

A

T

71
Q

what are the muscles found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

fibularis longus and fibularis brevis and no artery coursing through it

72
Q

what is the vasculature of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Perforating branches of the anterior tibial artery

Perforating branches of the fibular artery

73
Q

what innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

74
Q

with respect to the vasculature of the lateral compartment of the leg, these penetrate septums, which ones do these arteries penetrate?

A

Perforating branches of the anterior tibial artery – penetrate the anterior intermuscular septum

Perforating branches of the fibular artery – penetrate the posterior intermuscular septum

75
Q

in the posterior compartment of the leg, what locomotors can be find here?

A

Muscles produce plantarflexion at the ankle, inversion of the foot and flexion of the toes

76
Q

the posterior compartment further subdivided, T/F? if so, what are they?

A

Divided into superficial and deep subcompartments by the transverse intermuscular septum

77
Q

how are the subcompartments of the posterior leg bounded?

A

The superficial subcompartment is bounded by deep fascia of the leg and the transverse intermuscular septum.

The deep subcompartment is bounded by the interosseous membrane and transverse intermuscular septum.

78
Q

where does the divider, transverse intermuscular septum, of the posterior compartment of the leg end?

A

flexor retinaculum

79
Q

what are the muscles of the superficial compartment in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

80
Q

what are the muscles of the deep compartment in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

81
Q

what is the vasculature in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

a) Fibular artery
1) Nutrient artery of fibula
b) Nutrient artery of tibia
c) Circumflex fibular artery

82
Q

what is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibial nerve

83
Q

the superficial or deep subcompartment muscles of the posterior compartment for the prominence associated with the calf?

A

superficial

84
Q

this muscle in the superficial subcompartment of the posterior legs a short belly muscle with a long tendon and can be absent in 5-10% of people

A

plantaris, the long slender tendon can be mistaken for a nerve and can be removed for grafting without causing weakness in plantarflexion

85
Q

the foot is distal or proximal to the ankle joint?

A

distal

86
Q

how does the foot provide a platform for the body?

A

the platform is used to support the body while standing

87
Q

how many tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges comprise the foot?

A

Skeleton of the foot consists of 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges.

88
Q

what are the zones of the foot?

A

Hindfoot: talus and calcaneus
Midfoot: navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
Forefoot: metatarsals and phalanges

89
Q

how many muscles of the foot?

A

20 individual muscles of the foot
14 plantar
2 dorsal
4 intermediate

90
Q

how many layers are the four muscles of the sole arranged in?

A

4 layers within four compartments

91
Q

what is the function of the plantar muscles?

A

resist forces that stress (attempt to flatten) the arches of the foot

92
Q

when do the planter muscles become most active?

A

They become most active during push off of the foot and refining supination and pronation allowing the foot to adjust to uneven ground

93
Q

what muscles are in the 1st layer?

A

abductor digiti minimi
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor hallucis

94
Q

what muscles are in the 2nd layer?

A

lumbricals and quadratus plantae

95
Q

what muscles are in the 3rd layer?

A

flexor hallucis brevis

flexor digiti minimi brevis

96
Q

what muscles are in the 4th layer?

A

plantar interossei and dorsal interossei

MABS Medical Anatomy (35 decks)

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