Respiratory System 1 Flashcards
what area encompasses the respiratory system?
from nasal passages to the lungs
what is the respiratory system?
responsible for the movement of air in and out of the lungs for the purpose of gas exchange
what are the basic design features of the tubular anatomy?
epithelial lining, muscular and connective tissue middle layer, and connective tissue outer layer
what is the special adaptation of the respiration system?
for the purpose of gas transport and gas exchange
what is the preferred route of air movement?
the nasal passages and they act to filter, warm, and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs
what is the pharynx?
the region between the nasal passages and the larynx that is shared between the respiratory system and the digestive system
what does the larynx connect?
connects the pharynx to the trachea and acts to produce vocalizations
what does the respiratory system consist of?
the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
structurally, the respiratory system consist of these two parts?
the upper airway (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx) and the lower airway (trachea, bronchi, lungs)
how is the respiratory divided functionally, two parts?
Conducting zone: consist of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both within and outside the lungs to move the air
Respiratory zone: tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
what is the path of air to the lungs by nose?
Nose
Preferred route during normal breathing
Nose->nasal cavity-> nasopharynx->oropharynx -> laryngopharnx->larynx-> trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
what is the path of air to the lungs by mouth?
Alternative route
Mouth->oropharynx->laryngopharnx->larynx->trachea-> bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
the nose is a special organ at the entrance to the respiratory system? T/F?
T
how is the nose divided?
divided into a visible external portion and an internal portion within the skull called the nasal cavity
what is the external nose an extension of?
bone and cartilage with an internal dividing wall and two entryways – the nostrils
how do the nasal bones project?
anteriorly to form the upper bone framework (the bridge) of the external nose while a framework of several pieces of hyaline cartilage make up the rest
what does the cartilaginous framework consist of?
unpaired septal cartilage, paired lateral nasal cartilages, and paired major and minor alar cartilages
the septal cartilage is attached to this in the ethmoid and vomer?
the perpendicular plate to form the complete septum and is also connected to the nasal bones and lateral nasal cartilages
what do the major alar cartridges form?
they form the sides of the inferior portion of the nose and are connected to the lateral nasal cartilages and the septal cartilage.
they form the medial and lateral borders of the nostrils and constrict or dilate the nostrils when the muscles of the nose contract and relax
what does the bony part of the nose consist of?
the nasal part of the frontal bone, the nasal bones, the frontal processes of the maxilla, and the bony part of the septum formed by the ethmoid and the vomer
what is the purpose of the sinus?
a consequence of removing extra weight, not formed right away, show up around 2 years old and they grow; they can get infected
this nasal bone is the only separate bone?
the inferior nasal concha
what are the bones of the face?
mandible maxilla lacrimal inferior nasal concha vomer nasal bones palatine zygomatic
Many monkeys live in very nasty public zoos
what do the external openings of the nose lead into?
the nasal vestibules
what is significant about the nasal vestibules?
the lower half is lined with skin continuous with the skin of the face which has numerous hairs, and the upper half transitions into a mucous membrane that continues deeper into the nasal cavity
what is the nasal cavity?
a large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bones and superior to the oral cavity
what is the nasal cavity divided into?
lower respiratory region and smaller superior olfactory region
what are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?
Anteriorly continuous with the external nose, posteriorly communicates with the pharynx via internal nares (choanae)
Ducts from paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal ducts also open into this cavity
The lateral walls are formed by ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones with the ethmoid forming the roof
what do the conchae (turbinates) form?
form three shelves – superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae – that extend out of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
what are the three groove like passages that divide the nasal cavity?
the superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses
this type of membrane lines the nasal cavity and its shelves?
mucous membrane
what is unique about the arrangement of the nasal cavity?
This arrangement increases the surface area in the nasal cavity and prevents dehydration by acting as a baffle that traps water droplets during exhalation
what is the effect of inhaled air around the conchae and meatuses?
it is warmed by blood in the abundant capillaries and moistened by mucus while dust particles are trapped
once air is exposed to the olfactory epithelium in the superior region of the nasal cavity the smells are transmitted through what olfactory nerve? how do they travel?
olfactory nerve; The fibers of the olfactory nerve travel through the perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
how can the nasal mucosa be divided? How?
into postero-inferior and anterosuperior portions; by an oblique line that runs from the anterior nasal spine to the spheno-ethmoidal recess
what is the nerve supply to the poster-inferior portion?
the maxillary nerve (V2)
what is the nerve supply to the anterosuperior portion?
the ophthalmic nerve (V1)
what is the arterial supply of the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Anterior ethmoidal artery (from ophthalmic artery)
Posterior ethmoidal artery (from ophthalmic artery)
Sphenopalatine artery (from maxillary artery)
Greater palatine artery (from maxillary artery)
Septal branch of the superior labial artery (from facial artery)
what is the kiesselbach rich in?
anastomosing arteries and can be a source of nosebleeds
how does the submucosal venous plexus provide venous drainage of the nose?
via the sphenopalatine, facial, and ophthalmic veins; This is the “danger zone” because these veins communicate with the cavernous sinus (dural venous sinus) and thus can drain infections straight to the brain
what are the paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into cranial bones named after the bones in which they are located
what is the frontal sinus?
drain through a frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum which opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middle nasal meatus
what is the ethmoidal sinus?
anterior ethmoidal cells drain directly or indirectly into the middle nasal meatus through the ethmoid infundibulum, middle ethmoidal cells open directly into the middle meatus (form the ethmoid bulla superior to the semilunar hiatus), posterior ethmoidal cells open directly into the superior meatus
what is the sphenoidal sinus?
drain into the sphenoethmoidal recess
what is the deviation of the nasal septum?
Usually due to adolescent or adulthood trauma; Can obstruct breathing or exacerbate snoring
what is epistaxis?
Nosebleed; Common because of rich vascular supply to nasal cavity
what is sinusitis?
Inflammation of paranasal sinuses; Can be acute or chronic; Bacterial infection usually follows viral infection; Signs and symptoms include nasal congestion, postnasal drip, fever, pain around/behind eyes, sometimes painful upper molars
what is the pharynx?
a funnel-shaped tube about 13cm long that starts at the internal nares and extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage
where does the pharynx lie?
just posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, superior to the larynx and esophagus, and just anterior to the cervical vertebrae
what are the walls of the pharynx composed of?
skeletal muscles and is lined with mucous membrane
Relaxed muscles keep it patent, contraction assists swallowing
what is the function of the pharynx?
a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils (immune function)
how can we divide the pharynx?
into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
what is nasopharynx and function?
posterior to the nasal cavity and extends the plane of the soft palate
Receives air and dust-laden mucus from the nasal cavity
what is the oropharynx?
posterior to the oral cavity and extends from soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
Both respiratory and digestive functions – common passageway for air, food, and drink
what is the larnygopharynx?
begins at the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly, ends at the cricoid cartilage (C6)
what is the complex organ of voice production?
the larynx
where is the larynx located?
in the anterior neck at the level of C3-C6
where does the larynx connect?
Connects the inferior part of the pharynx (oropharynx) with the trachea
what is the most vital function of the larynx?
Most vital function is to guard the air passages, especially during swallowing
what does the laryngeal skeleton consist of?
nine cartilages:
Three single – thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic
Three paired – arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
this is the largest of the nine cartilages in the laryngeal skeleton?
thyroid cartilage
where is the thyroid cartilage located?
Superior border is at the level of C4
Two laminae fuse anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence and superior thyroid notch
what is the cricoid cartilage shaped like?
a signet ring with the band facing anteriorly, large lamina is pointing posterior
this cartilage is the only part of the laryngeal skeleton to form a complete ring above the airway?
the cricoid cartilage
what is the posterior part of the cricoid cartilage?
lamina
what is the anterior part of the cricoid cartilage?
arch
what are the arytenoid cartilages?
paired, three-sided pyramidal cartilages that articulate with the cricoid lamina in synovial joints
where does the apex of the arytenoid cartilage attach?
the aryepligottic fold
what are the processes of the arytenoid cartilages?
the vocal process and the muscular process
what is the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages?
provides the posterior attachment for the vocal ligament
what is the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage?
the attachment for the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
The cricoarytenoid joints permit the arytenoid cartilages to:
Slide toward or away from one another
Tilt anteriorly or posteriorly
Rotate
what is the epiglottis?
a leaf-shaped cartilage that forms the anterior wall of the laryngeal outlet
what is the epiglottis attached too?
Attached inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage and anteriorly to the hyoid bone
how do the cuneiform and corniculate cartilages (apex of the arytenoid cartilage) appear?
appear as tubercules within the aryepiglottic fold
Help keep the folds from collapsing
what are the membranes that connect the laryngeal cartilages to each other and to the hyoid bone and trachea?
thyrohyoid membrane
cricotracheal ligament
quadrangular membrane
cricothyroid membrane
where do the thyrohyoid membrane attach?
the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone superiorly
where do the cricotracheal ligament attach?
the cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal ring inferiorly
where do the quadrangular extend?
posteriorly from the lateral border of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage on each side
T/F, noting the quadrangular membrane, there is a basement membrane within the fold of mucosa (histological)?
T
the superior free margin of the quadrangular membrane forms this?
aryepiglottic fold
the inferior free margin of the quadrangular membrane forms this?
vestibular fold (false vocal chord)
what does the cricothyroid membrane connect?
membrane connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilages and extends superiorly deep to the thyroid cartilage as the conus elasticus – (histological)
the free superior border of the conus elasticus forms the?
vocal ligament
where does the vocal ligament extend?
Extends from the midpoint of the thyroid cartilage to the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages
these two structures form the vocal fold (vocal chord)?
The vocal ligament and vocalis muscle
where does the laryngeal cavity begin?
at the laryngeal inlet and extends to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
what are the spaces defined within the laryngeal cavity?
the supraglottic space
the laryngeal ventricles
rima glottitis
where is the supraglottic space?
lies above the vestibular folds
where is the laryngeal ventricles?
recesses between the vestibular and vocal folds – extend into laryngeal saccules
where is the rims glottitis?
the aperture between the two vocal folds
what is the subglottic space?
is the inferior part of the laryngeal cavity which lies below the vocal folds and extends to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
what is the piriform recess?
bound medially by the aryepiglottic fold and laterally by the thyroid cartilage
what are the muscles of the larynx divided into?
intrinsic and extrinsic groups
what are the extrinsic muscles attached too? name them
the hyoid bone and move the larynx and hyoid together; suprahyoid and infrahyoid
what is the function of the supra hyoid?infrahyoid?
elevate the larynx; depress the larynx
what is the function of the intrinsic muscles?what are they?
move the laryngeal cartilages – change the length and tension of the vocal ligaments and the size of the rima glottidis
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
cricothyroid muscle
what is the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds and opens the rima glottidis
If this becomes paralyzed, you have a major problem
what is the cricothyroid muscle?
the only intrinsic muscle not innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve (recurrent laryngeal nerve) – innervated by external laryngeal nerve
what is the cricothyroid?
principle tensor of the vocal ligaments – increase the distance between the thyroid prominence and the arytenoid cartilages to raise pitch, tilt forward and you raise the pitch
what is the thryoarytenoids?
relaxers of the vocal ligaments – pull the arytenoid cartilages anteriorly to lower pitch
what are the vocalis muscles?
muscles make fine adjustments during animated speech and singing
what is the larynx supplied by?
superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
what are the suppliers of the larynx branches of?
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
what does the superior laryngeal artery accompany? how and what does it supply?
the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve; through the thyrohyoid membrane to supply the internal surface of the larynx
what does the inferior laryngeal artery accompany? what does it supply?
accompanies the inferior laryngeal nerve; to supply the mucous membrane and muscles in the inferior part of the larynx
what does the cricothyroid artery supply?
cricothyroid muscle
innervation to all muscles in the larynx is what cranial nerve?
cranial nerve X
what laryngeal veins accompany the laryngeal arteries?
The superior laryngeal vein
The inferior laryngeal vein
what does the superior laryngeal vein join?
usually joins the superior thyroid vein which drains into the internal jugular vein
what does the inferior laryngeal vein join?
joins the inferior thyroid vein or the tracheal venous plexus which empties into the left brachiocephalic vein
what do the lymphatic vessels drain into?
superior deep cervical lymph nodes
what do the lymphatic vessels inferior to the vocal folds drain into?
the pretracheal or paratracheal lymph nodes which drain into the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
