Respiratory System 1 Flashcards
what area encompasses the respiratory system?
from nasal passages to the lungs
what is the respiratory system?
responsible for the movement of air in and out of the lungs for the purpose of gas exchange
what are the basic design features of the tubular anatomy?
epithelial lining, muscular and connective tissue middle layer, and connective tissue outer layer
what is the special adaptation of the respiration system?
for the purpose of gas transport and gas exchange
what is the preferred route of air movement?
the nasal passages and they act to filter, warm, and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs
what is the pharynx?
the region between the nasal passages and the larynx that is shared between the respiratory system and the digestive system
what does the larynx connect?
connects the pharynx to the trachea and acts to produce vocalizations
what does the respiratory system consist of?
the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
structurally, the respiratory system consist of these two parts?
the upper airway (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx) and the lower airway (trachea, bronchi, lungs)
how is the respiratory divided functionally, two parts?
Conducting zone: consist of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both within and outside the lungs to move the air
Respiratory zone: tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
what is the path of air to the lungs by nose?
Nose
Preferred route during normal breathing
Nose->nasal cavity-> nasopharynx->oropharynx -> laryngopharnx->larynx-> trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
what is the path of air to the lungs by mouth?
Alternative route
Mouth->oropharynx->laryngopharnx->larynx->trachea-> bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
the nose is a special organ at the entrance to the respiratory system? T/F?
T
how is the nose divided?
divided into a visible external portion and an internal portion within the skull called the nasal cavity
what is the external nose an extension of?
bone and cartilage with an internal dividing wall and two entryways – the nostrils
how do the nasal bones project?
anteriorly to form the upper bone framework (the bridge) of the external nose while a framework of several pieces of hyaline cartilage make up the rest
what does the cartilaginous framework consist of?
unpaired septal cartilage, paired lateral nasal cartilages, and paired major and minor alar cartilages
the septal cartilage is attached to this in the ethmoid and vomer?
the perpendicular plate to form the complete septum and is also connected to the nasal bones and lateral nasal cartilages
what do the major alar cartridges form?
they form the sides of the inferior portion of the nose and are connected to the lateral nasal cartilages and the septal cartilage.
they form the medial and lateral borders of the nostrils and constrict or dilate the nostrils when the muscles of the nose contract and relax
what does the bony part of the nose consist of?
the nasal part of the frontal bone, the nasal bones, the frontal processes of the maxilla, and the bony part of the septum formed by the ethmoid and the vomer
what is the purpose of the sinus?
a consequence of removing extra weight, not formed right away, show up around 2 years old and they grow; they can get infected
this nasal bone is the only separate bone?
the inferior nasal concha
what are the bones of the face?
mandible maxilla lacrimal inferior nasal concha vomer nasal bones palatine zygomatic
Many monkeys live in very nasty public zoos
what do the external openings of the nose lead into?
the nasal vestibules
what is significant about the nasal vestibules?
the lower half is lined with skin continuous with the skin of the face which has numerous hairs, and the upper half transitions into a mucous membrane that continues deeper into the nasal cavity
what is the nasal cavity?
a large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bones and superior to the oral cavity
what is the nasal cavity divided into?
lower respiratory region and smaller superior olfactory region
what are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?
Anteriorly continuous with the external nose, posteriorly communicates with the pharynx via internal nares (choanae)
Ducts from paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal ducts also open into this cavity
The lateral walls are formed by ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones with the ethmoid forming the roof
what do the conchae (turbinates) form?
form three shelves – superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae – that extend out of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
what are the three groove like passages that divide the nasal cavity?
the superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses
this type of membrane lines the nasal cavity and its shelves?
mucous membrane
what is unique about the arrangement of the nasal cavity?
This arrangement increases the surface area in the nasal cavity and prevents dehydration by acting as a baffle that traps water droplets during exhalation
what is the effect of inhaled air around the conchae and meatuses?
it is warmed by blood in the abundant capillaries and moistened by mucus while dust particles are trapped
once air is exposed to the olfactory epithelium in the superior region of the nasal cavity the smells are transmitted through what olfactory nerve? how do they travel?
olfactory nerve; The fibers of the olfactory nerve travel through the perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
how can the nasal mucosa be divided? How?
into postero-inferior and anterosuperior portions; by an oblique line that runs from the anterior nasal spine to the spheno-ethmoidal recess
what is the nerve supply to the poster-inferior portion?
the maxillary nerve (V2)
what is the nerve supply to the anterosuperior portion?
the ophthalmic nerve (V1)
what is the arterial supply of the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Anterior ethmoidal artery (from ophthalmic artery)
Posterior ethmoidal artery (from ophthalmic artery)
Sphenopalatine artery (from maxillary artery)
Greater palatine artery (from maxillary artery)
Septal branch of the superior labial artery (from facial artery)
what is the kiesselbach rich in?
anastomosing arteries and can be a source of nosebleeds
how does the submucosal venous plexus provide venous drainage of the nose?
via the sphenopalatine, facial, and ophthalmic veins; This is the “danger zone” because these veins communicate with the cavernous sinus (dural venous sinus) and thus can drain infections straight to the brain
what are the paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into cranial bones named after the bones in which they are located
what is the frontal sinus?
drain through a frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum which opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middle nasal meatus
what is the ethmoidal sinus?
anterior ethmoidal cells drain directly or indirectly into the middle nasal meatus through the ethmoid infundibulum, middle ethmoidal cells open directly into the middle meatus (form the ethmoid bulla superior to the semilunar hiatus), posterior ethmoidal cells open directly into the superior meatus
what is the sphenoidal sinus?
drain into the sphenoethmoidal recess
what is the deviation of the nasal septum?
Usually due to adolescent or adulthood trauma; Can obstruct breathing or exacerbate snoring