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MABS Medical Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

this organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions?

A

pancreas

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2
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland produce?

A

melatonin

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3
Q

what are the nerves of the pineal gland?

A

innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic- superior cervical ganglion. Parasympathetic- pterygopalatine & optic ganglia

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4
Q

what are the arteries that supply pineal gland?

A

the branches of the posterior choroidal aa

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5
Q

what are the veins that supply the pineal gland?

A

the branches to the great cerebral vein (of Galen)

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6
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland?

A

regulates diurnal rhythm the “sleep-wake clock” influencing the hormonal secretion from hypothalamic-pituitary axis via negative feedback mechanism

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7
Q

how is melatonin synthesized?

A

Synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland from tryptophan via serotonin

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8
Q

what are the lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior lobe
middle lobe
posterior lobe

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9
Q

what hormones are produced in the anterior lobe?

A 
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)
FSH (follicle stimulating)
TSH (thyroid stimulating)
LH (luteinizing)
Prolactin
Growth hormone (GSH or GH)
b-endorphin
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10
Q

what hormones are produced in the middle lobe?

A

MSH (melanocyte stimulating)

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11
Q

what hormones are produced in the posterior lobe?

A

ADH (antidiuretic or Vasopressin)

Oxytocin

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12
Q

what is the location of the pineal gland?

A

a midline structure, located between the two cerebral hemispheres. It is attached by a stalk to the posterior wall of third ventricle. In close proximity to the gland are the superior colliculi of the midbrain – paired structures that play an important role in vision.

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13
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of pineal gland dysfunction?

A

N/V/D due to a germ cell tumor which can also cause Parinaud syndrome, the inability to move the eyes up because of the compression on the superior colliculi. Cerebral aqueduct can be obstructed producing hydrocephalus

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14
Q

where is the pituitary gland?

A

a pea sized oval structure suspended from the underside of the brain by the pituitary stalk known as the infundibulum. It sits within a small depression in the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica

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15
Q

what is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?

A

this structure allows the hypothalamus to communicate with the anterior pituitary via the release of neurotransmitters into the bloodstream

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16
Q

what hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?Parathyroid gland?

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

PTH

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17
Q

what medical condition happens when hypothyroidism occurs?

A

cretinism

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18
Q

what medical condition happens when hyperthyroidism occurs?

A

graves disease, this can also increase the chance for miscarriage during pregnancy

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19
Q

how many parathyroid glands do we have?

A

four parathyroid glands, although variation in number is common.

20
Q

where is the parathyroid glands located?

A

superior parathyroid glands- They are located approximately 1cm superior to the entry of the inferior thyroid arteries into the thyroid gland (at level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage).

inferior parathyroid glands- Although inconsistent in location between individuals, the inferior parathyroid glands are usually found near the inferior poles of the thyroid gland.

21
Q

what is the vascular supply of the parathyroid?

A

The posterior aspect of the thyroid gland is supplied by the inferior thyroid arteries. Thus its branches also supply the nearby parathyroid glands. Collateral circulation is delivered by the superior thyroid arteries, thyroid ima artery, and laryngeal, tracheal and oesophageal arteries.

The parathyroid veins drain into the thyroid plexus of veins.

22
Q

what is the anatomical relationship of the thyroid gland?

A

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, spanning between the C5 and T1 vertebrae. It is an endocrine gland, divided into two lobes which are connected by an isthmus. It is said to have a butterfly shape.

It lies behind the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, wrapping around the cricoid cartilage and superior tracheal rings. It is inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The gland is in the visceral compartment of the neck, along with the trachea, oesophagus and pharynx. The compartment is bound by pretracheal fascia.

23
Q

what are the variants of the thyroid gland?

A 
Pyramidal lobe (45%)
Incomplete isthmus (13%)
Accessory thyroid (4%)
24
Q

what are the hormones secreted from the thyroid gland?

A

All lobes of thyroid produce thyroxines (follicular) and calcitonin (parafpllicular)

25
Q

what is the innervation to the thyroid gland?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior ganglia of the sympathetic trunk- Vasomotor only

26
Q

what is the drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

Like the pituitary the thyroid has a venous plexus, unlike the pituitary it lacks an arterial plexus

27
Q

what hormones are secreted by the thymus gland?

A

thymosin

thymopoietin

28
Q

what hormones are secreted by the heart?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide which increases with atrial pressure and heart rate to lower blood pressure and control electrolyte homeostasis

29
Q

what hormones are released by the pancreas?

A

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

30
Q

what is the innervation of the pancreas?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic via Splanchnic and vagus to celiac and superior mesenteric plexus

31
Q

what is the artery that supplies the pancreas?

A

Branches from celiac trunk and superior mesenteric a

32
Q

what is the vein that drains the pancreas?

A

Body and neck into splenic v; head into superior mesenteric and portal vv

33
Q

what are the lymph nodes?

A

splenic, celiac and superior mesenteric lymph nodes

34
Q

what are the embryological origins of the suprarenal glands?

A

The 2 main parts of the adrenals have different embryonic origins. The inside core adrenal medulla is neural crest in origin. Mesenchyme surrounding these cells differentiates to form a fetal cortex. This fetal cortex is later replaced by the adult cortex. The outside adrenal cortex is derived from mesothelium and can be further divided into 3 distinct layers (zona reticularis, zona fasiculata, zona glomerulosa) each with distinct hormonal functions.

35
Q

the adrenals are intra peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

36
Q

what is the vasculature of the adrenals?

A

Superior adrenal artery – arises from the inferior phrenic artery
Middle adrenal artery – arises from the abdominal aorta.
Inferior adrenal artery – arises from the renal arteries.

Right and left adrenal veins drain the glands. The right adrenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava, whereas the left adrenal vein drains into the left renal vein.

37
Q

what differences in shape can you note of the suprarenal glands?

A

that the right is pyramidal in shape while the left is more crescent like

38
Q

what hormones are secreted from the medulla?

A

catecholamines

39
Q

what comprises the cortex and the hormones that leave from them?

A

reticularis - androgens
fasciculata - glucocorticoids
glomerulosa - androgens

40
Q

what is the innervation of the adrenal glands?

A

The adrenal glands are innervated by the coeliac plexus and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves.

Sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla is via myelinated pre-synaptic fibres, mainly from the T10 to L1 spinal cord segments.

41
Q

what artery supplies the superior suprarenal artery?

A

Inferior phrenic a

42
Q

what artery supplies the middle suprarenal artery?

A

Abdominal aorta (direct

43
Q

what artery supplies the inferior suprarenal artery?

A

Inferior suprarenal a

44
Q

what is the venous drainage for the suprarenals?

A

Rt suprarenal v
IVC

Lf suprarenal v
Lf renal v or Lf inferior phrenic v

45
Q

what is the suprarenal lymphatic drainage?

A

celiac
lumbar (aortic),
hepatic (not much)

46
Q

what is the neuromuscular supply of the ovaries?

A

The main arterial supply to the ovary is via the paired ovarian arteries. These arise directly from the abdominal aorta (inferior the renal arteries). There is also a contribution from the uterine arteries.

Venous drainage is achieved by paired ovarian veins. The left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein, and the right ovarian vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.

The ovaries receive sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation from the ovarian and uterine (pelvic) plexuses, respectively. The nerves reach the ovaries via the suspensory ligament of the ovary, to enter the ovary at the hilum

Lymph from the ovaries drains into the para-aortic nodes.

47
Q

what is the neuromuscular supply of the testes?

A

The main arterial supply to the testes and epididymis is via the paired testicular arteries, which arise directly from the abdominal aorta. They descend down the abdomen, and pass into the scrotum via the inguinal canal, contained within the spermatic cord.

However, the testes are also supplied by branches of the cremasteric artery (from the inferior epigastric artery) and the artery of the vas deferens (from the inferior vesical artery). These branches give anastomoses to the main testicular artery.

Venous drainage is achieved via the paired testicular veins. They are formed from the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum – a network of veins wrapped around the testicular artery. In the retroperitoneal space of the abdomen, the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein, while the right testicular vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.

Since the testes are originally retroperitoneal organs, the lymphatic drainage is to the lumbar and para-aortic nodes, along the lumbar vertebrae.

This is in contrast to the scrotum, which drains into the nearby superficial inguinal nodes.

MABS Medical Anatomy (35 decks)

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