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Boards Chiro Essentials > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neural tube derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

What substance is secreted by the notocord that converts it to the neural tube?

A

Sonic Hedgehog

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3
Q

What nutrient affects neural tube development?

A

Folic acid

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4
Q

What structure precedes the neural tube?

A

The neural plate

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5
Q

Describe neural tube formation

A

A groove forms in the neural plate
The inner walls form into inner + intermediate mantle and outer marginal layers
The mantle layer forms dorsal (alar) and ventral (basal) plates
Tissues at the sides of the tube form the neural crest cells

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6
Q

What part of the neural tube forms sensory neurons in the dorsal horn of the grey matter?

A

Alar plate

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7
Q

What part of the neural tube forms motor neurons in the ventral horn of the grey matter?

A

Basal plate

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8
Q

What does the innermost layer of the neural tube develop into?

A

Ependymal cells

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9
Q

What do the neural crest cells give rise to?

A

DRG, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, enteric ganglia, schwann cells, sympathetic ganglia

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10
Q

What CNS cell is mesodermally derived?

A

Microglia

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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Foramen magnum and L1/L2 in an adult

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12
Q

What are the 2 enlargements of the cord?

A

Cervical and lumbosacral

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13
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement largest?

A

C6

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14
Q

What is the dilated end of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

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15
Q

What are nerves that exit the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Cauda equina

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16
Q

What is structures of the cord are derived from pia mater?

A

Dentate ligaments, filum terminale

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17
Q

What is the function of the dentate ligaments?

A

They anchor the cord to the dura

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18
Q

Where is the filum terminale internum?

A

From conus medullaris to the end of the dural sac

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19
Q

Where is the end of the dural sac?

A

S2

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20
Q

Where is the filum terminale externum?

A

anchored to the coccyx, continuous witht he coccygeal ligament

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21
Q

What are fasciculi?

A

Fast conducting white matter that ascend and descend

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22
Q

What spinal tracts are associated with 2 point discrimination, vibration, and joint position sense?

A

Cuneatus and gracilis tracts

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23
Q

Where do cuneatus and gracillis cross

A

In the medulla

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24
Q

What is the destination of a third order neuron in tracts gracilis and cuneatus?

A

VPL of the thalamus

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25
Q

What do cuneatus and gracilis tracts differ in control of?

A

Which set of limbs

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26
Q

Between cuneatus and gracilis, which tract controls upper limbs?

A

Tracts gracilis

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27
Q

What two spinal tracts are collectively known as the “anterolateral” system?

A

Ventral and lateral spinothalamic tracts

28
Q

What type of information is carried by the spinothalamic tracts?

A

Crude pressure, nociception, and thermoreceptors

29
Q

Where do the spinothalamic tracts cross?

A

In the cord

30
Q

Which crosses quicker the ventral or lateral spinothalamic tract?

A

Lateral

31
Q

Which ascending cord controls proprioception?

A

Spinocerebellar tract

32
Q

Where does the the spinocerebellar tract cross?

A

Dorsal - no crossing

Ventral - twice once in the cord and pons

33
Q

Which tract controls only proprioception in the lower limbs?

A

Dorsal spinal cerebellar

34
Q

What Rexed lamina is the anterolateral system carried in?

A

I and II

35
Q

What Rexed lamina are the spinocerebellar tracts carried in?

A

VII

36
Q

Where does the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar enter the cerebellum at?

A

Dorsal - Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Ventral - Superior cerebellar peduncle

37
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract control?

A

Voluntary muscle control of the limbs

38
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract originate?

A

Pre-central gyrus

39
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract cross?

A

The medulla

40
Q

What does the ventral corticospinal tract control?

A

Voluntary muscles of head, neck, and trunk

41
Q

Where does the ventral corticospinal tract cross?

A

Spinal cord at the level of exit

42
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract control?

A

Excitation of proximal flexors and inhibition of extensors

43
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract cross?

A

The midbrain

44
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

The nucleus ruber

45
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract control?

A

Postural neck reflexes, extensors of the back and limbs

46
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

Vestibular nuclei

47
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract cross?

A

It doesn’t

48
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate?

A

Reticular formation

49
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract cross?

A

Many levels

50
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

Restricts voluntary movements through the gamma motor neurons

51
Q

Where does the raphespinal tract originate at?

A

Raphe nucleus

52
Q

Where does the raphespinal tract cross at?

A

It does not

53
Q

What is the function of the raphespinal tract?

A

Inhibits nociception by releasing serotonin; this acts on C fibers

54
Q

What is located in Rexed lamina I?

A

Fibers from sensory first order neurons; contributes to contralateral spinothalamics

55
Q

What is located in Rexed lamina II?

A

Small neurons that respond to substance P

56
Q

What is located in Rexed lamina III and IV?

A

Nucleus proprius, main input is from mechanoreception and light touch

57
Q

What is located in Rexed lamina V?

A

Neurons that respond to noxious and visceral stimuli

58
Q

What is located in Rexed lamina VI?

A

Neurons that receive mechanical signals from the skin and joints

59
Q

What is located in Rexed lamina VII?

A

Clarke’s column (dorsal nucleus) for proprioception; Intermediolateral horn is in T1-L2

60
Q

What is in Rexed lamina VIII and IX?

A

Alpha motor neurons to extrafusal skeletal muscles and Gamma motor neurons to intrafusal fibers in the muscle spindle

61
Q

What is in Rexed laminae X?

A

Grey commissure surrounding the central canal

62
Q

What supplies blood to the cord?

A

Segmental spine arteries derived from: ascending cervical, deep cervical, posterior intercostal, lumbar

63
Q

What do segmental spinal arteries give rise to?

A

Radicular and segmental medullary artery

64
Q

What do segmental spinal arteries supplement?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries

65
Q

What does the anterior spinal artery supply?

A

The anterior 2/3

66
Q

What does the posterior spinal arteries supply?

A

The posterior 1/3

Boards Chiro Essentials (20 decks)

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