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Boards Chiro Essentials > Musculoskeletal Anatomy > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What bone classification do the femur and phalanges belong to?

A

Long bones

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2
Q

What bone classification do the carpals and tarsals belong to?

A

Short bones

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3
Q

What bone classification do the ribs, frontal, parietal and temporal bones belong to?

A

Flat bones

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4
Q

What bone classification do the vertebra belong to?

A

Irregular

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5
Q

What bone classification do the intratendinous bones belong to?

A

Sesamoid

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6
Q

What is the bone that is first to start ossifying and last to finish ossification?

A

Clavicle

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7
Q

What joint classification is immobile?

A

Synarthrosis

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8
Q

What type of joint is a synarthrosis?

A

Fibrous

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9
Q

What type of joint is semi-mobile?

A

Amphiarthrosis

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10
Q

What type of joint is a amphiarthrosis?

A

Cartilaginous

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11
Q

What type of joint is mobile?

A

Diarthrosis

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12
Q

What type of joint is a diarthrosis?

A

Synovial

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13
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

Synostosis (suture), Syndesmosis (interosseous membranes), and Gomphosis (tooth and socket

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14
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis (primary cartilage), Symphysis (secondary cartilage)

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15
Q

What is a planar joint?

A

Gliding

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16
Q

What is a ginglymus joint?

A

Hinge

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17
Q

What is a trochoid joint?

A

Pivot

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18
Q

What is a condylar joint?

A

Ellipsoid

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19
Q

What is a sellar joint?

A

Saddle

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20
Q

What is a spheroidal joint?

A

Ball and socket

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21
Q

What midline joints are not secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

Median atlanto-axial and interparietal

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22
Q

All articular joint surfaces of synovial joints are covered by what?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

What synovial joints are exceptions to having hyaline cartilage?

A

Temporomandibular, Sternoclavicular, and Acromioclavicular

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24
Q

What lines the inside of the fibrous joint capsule?

A

Synovial membrane

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25
Q

What type of cell makes up the synovium?

A

Plump cells

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26
Q

What type of synovial cells are macrophages?

A

Type A synoviocytes

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27
Q

What type of synovial cell secretes synovial fluid?

A

Type B synoviocytes

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28
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerve that supplies the muscle that acts on a joint also supplies the joint and an area of skin over the joint?

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29
Q

What are the central canals of bones?

A

Haversian canals with blood vessels

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30
Q

What connects Haversian canals?

A

Volkmann’s canals

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31
Q

What surrounds Haversion canals?

A

Concentric lamellae

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32
Q

Lamellae are composed of what?

A

Lacunae

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33
Q

Lacunae are connected by what?

A

Canaliculi

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34
Q

What bone cells synthesize bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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35
Q

What bone cells reabsorb and remodel bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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36
Q

The outer layer of cartilage is called what?

A

Perichondrium

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37
Q

What is the perichondrium mainly composed of?

A

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans with chondrocytes

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38
Q

What precedes chondrocytes?

A

Chondroblasts

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39
Q

Is cartilage innervated?

A

No

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40
Q

Does cartilage have direct blood supply?

A

No

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41
Q

What type of cartilage is most abundant?

A

Hyaline

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42
Q

What is hyaline cartilage made of?

A

Type II collagen

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43
Q

What is elastic cartilage made of?

A

Type II collagen and elastin

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44
Q

What is fibrocartilage made of?

A

Compact Type I collage fibers

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45
Q

What type of muscle has no cross striatiion, spindle-shaped cells, and a central nucleus?

A

Smooth muscle

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46
Q

What type of muscle has cross striations, and elongated peripheral nuclei?

A

Skeletal muscle

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47
Q

What type of muscle has cross striations, branches, intercalated discs, and a central nucleus?

A

Cardiac muscle

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48
Q

Individual muscle fibers are surrounded by what connective tissue?

A

Endomysium

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49
Q

A bundle of fibers (fascicle) is surrounded by what connective tissue?

A

Perimysium

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50
Q

A dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle is called what?

A

Epimysium

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51
Q

What muscle arrangement is thick in the middle and tapered at each end?

A

Fusiform

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52
Q

What muscle is arrangement is uniform width with parallel fascicles?

A

Parallel

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53
Q

What muscle arrangement is fan shaped with a broad origin?

A

Triangular

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54
Q

What muscle arrangement is feather shaped?

A

Pennate

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55
Q

What muscle arrangement forms rings around certain body openings?

A

Circular

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56
Q

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Atypical synovial

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57
Q

What is the classification of the TMJ?

A

Compound hinge and gliding

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58
Q

What allows the TMJ to be resistant to damage and can regenerate?

A

Fibrocartilage

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59
Q

What separates the lower and upper compartment of the TMJ?

A

An intra-articular disc

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60
Q

What bones are involved in the temperomandibular joint?

A

Condyle of the mandible, Mandibular fossa, and Articular eminence of the temporal bone

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61
Q

What are the ranges of motion in the TMJ?

A

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction and side-side

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62
Q

What muscles act on elevation of the TMJ?

A

Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid

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63
Q

What muscles act in depression of the TMJ?

A

Mylohyoid, Digastric, Lateral pterygoid

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64
Q

What muscles act in protration of the TMJ?

A

Lateral pterygoid, anterior temporalis, superficial fibers of masseter

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65
Q

What muscles act in retraction of the TMJ?

A

Posterior part of the temporalis, deep part of the masseter

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66
Q

What muscles act in the side-side motion of the TMJ?

A

Alternating pterygoids

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67
Q

What innervates the TMJ?

A

Auriculotemporal, deep temporal, and masseteric branches of CN V (mandibular division)

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68
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Synovial

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69
Q

What classification of synovial joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket/Spheroidal

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70
Q

What bones make up the glenohumeral joint?

A

Glenoid fossa and head of the humerus

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71
Q

What muscles act in flexion of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Pec major, Anterior deltoids

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72
Q

What muscles act in extension of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, posterior fibers of Deltoid

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73
Q

What muscle act in internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Subscapularis, Pectoralis major, teres major, latissimus dorsi, anterior fibers of the deltoid

74
Q

What muscles act in external rotation of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Posterior part of the deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor

75
Q

What muscles act in adduction of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Pectoralis major, Teres major and minor, latissimus dorsi,, subscapularis, corachobrachialis

76
Q

What muscles act in abduction of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Initiated by the supraspinatus (to 15 degrees), then deltoid from 15-90 degrees

77
Q

What innervates the glenohumeral joint?

A

Axillary and suprascapular nerves

78
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial with an intra-articular disc

79
Q

What joint classification is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Sellar/saddle

80
Q

What is unique about the cartilage of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

It contains fibrocartilage

81
Q

What bones articulate with the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Manubrium of the sternum and medial head of the clavicle

82
Q

What is the range of motion of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and circumduction

83
Q

What muscles act in elevating the sternoclavicular joint?

A

SCM an trapezius

84
Q

What muscles act in depressing the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Pectoralis minor, Subclavius

85
Q

What muscle acts in protracting the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Pectoralis minor

86
Q

What muscle acts in retracting the sternoclavicular joint?

87
Q

What muscle acts in circumduction of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Combination of SCM, Trapezius, Pec minor, and subclavius

88
Q

What is the innervation of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Medial branch of the supraclavicular nerve and nerve to the subclavius

89
Q

The elbow joint is what type of joint?

90
Q

What classification of joint is the elbow?

A

Hinge/Ginglymus

91
Q

What bones are involved in the elbow joint?

A

The distal end of the humerus, head of the radius, and trochlea of the ulna

92
Q

What is the range of motion of the elbow joint?

A

Flexion and extension

93
Q

What muscles act in flexing the elbow joint?

A

Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis

94
Q

What muscles act in extending the elbow joint?

A

Triceps and anconeus

95
Q

What is the innervation of the elbow joint?

A

Radial and musculocutaneous nerves

96
Q

What type of joint are the proximal and distal radial ulnar joint?

97
Q

What is the joint classification of the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint?

A

Pivot/Trochoid

98
Q

What bones are involved in the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint?

A

Prox - Head of radius and radial notch of ulna

Distal - Head of the ulna and distal end of the radius

99
Q

What are the ranges of motion of the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?

A

Supination and pronation

100
Q

What muscles act in supination of prox/dist radio-ulnar joints?

A

Biceps brachii and supinator

101
Q

What muscles act in pronation of the prox/dist radio-ulnar joint?

A

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus

102
Q

What nerves supply the prox/dist radio-ulnar joint?

A

Median, Radial, and Ulnar

103
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

104
Q

What joint classification is the wrist joint?

A

Condyloid/Ellipsoidal

105
Q

What are the bones involved in the wrist joint?

A

Scaphoid, lunate, and distal radius

106
Q

What are the ranges of motion in the wrist joint?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

107
Q

What muscles act in flexion of the wrist joint?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris, Flexor carpi radialis, and flexors of the fingers

108
Q

What muscles act in extension of the wrist joint?

A

Extensor radialis longus and brevis, extensor ulnaris, and extensors of the fingers

109
Q

What muscles act in adduction of the wrist joint?

A

Flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris

110
Q

What muscles act in abduction of the wrist joint?

A

Flexor and extensor carpi radialis

111
Q

What type of joint is the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

112
Q

What is the joint classification of the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Saddle/Sellar

113
Q

What are the bones involved with the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Trapezium and 1st metacarpal bone

114
Q

What ranges of motion are there at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition

115
Q

What muscles achieve flexion at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Flexor pollicis brevis and longus

116
Q

What muscles achieve extension at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Extensor pollicis longus and brevis

117
Q

What muscles act in abduction at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Abductor pollicis longus and brevis

118
Q

What muscles act in adduction at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Adductor pollicis

119
Q

What muscles achieve opposition at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Opponens pollicis

120
Q

What nerves supply the 1st carpometacarpal joint?

A

Radial and median nerves

121
Q

What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint?

122
Q

What joint classification is the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Ellipsoidal/Condyloid

123
Q

What bones are involved in the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Head of metacarpal and base of the proximal phalanx

124
Q

What are the ranges of motion at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

125
Q

What muscles act in flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis, “” profundus, and lumbricals

126
Q

What muscles act in extension at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Extensor digitorum

127
Q

What muscles act in adduction at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Palmer interossei

128
Q

What muscles act in abduction at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Dorsal interossei

129
Q

What achieves circumduction at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

A combination of all muscles that act on the joint

130
Q

What innervates the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Ulnar, radial, and median nerves

131
Q

What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?

132
Q

What is the classification of the interphalangeal joints?

A

Hinge/ginglymus

133
Q

What bones are involved in the interphalangeal joints?

A

The proximal, middle, and distal phalanx

134
Q

What motions are accomplished at the interphalangeal joints?

A

Flexion and extension

135
Q

What muscles achieve flexion at the interphalangeal joints?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus

136
Q

What muscles achieve extension at the interphalangeal joints?

A

Extensor digitorum, lumbricals, and interossei

137
Q

What innervates the interphalangeal joints?

A

Radial, ulnar, and median nerves

138
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

139
Q

What is the joint classification of the hip joint?

A

Ball and socket/spheroidal

140
Q

What motions are accomplished at the hip joint?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal rotation, external rotation, rotation, and circumduction

141
Q

What muscles act in flexion of the hip joint?

A

Illiopsoas, rectus femoris, and sartorius

142
Q

What muscles act in extension at the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus, semimebranosus, semitendinosis, and hamstring portion of adductor magnus

143
Q

What muscles act in abduction of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus medius, minimus, and tensor fascia lata

144
Q

What muscles act in adduction of the hip joint?

A

Adductor longus, brevis, and adductor portion of adductor magnus; gracilis, pectineus, and lower portion of gluteus maximus

145
Q

What muscle act in internal rotation of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus medius and minimus

146
Q

What muscles act in external rotation of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus, psoas, piriformis, the gemelli, and obturator

147
Q

What innervates the hip joint?

A

Femoral, obturator, and nerve to quadratus femorus

148
Q

How many ligament s are in the hip joint?

149
Q

What is the intra-articular ligament of the hip joint?

A

Round ligament of the head of the femur

150
Q

What does the round ligament of the hip joint connect?

A

Transverse acetabular ligament and the rim of the nearby acetabular notch to the head of the femur at the fovea centralis

151
Q

What is present at the round ligament of children?

A

The central foveolar artery

152
Q

What three extra-articular ligaments are at the hip joint? What do they prevent?

A

iliofemoral - prevents hyperextension
pubofemoral - prevents hyper abduction
Ischiofemoral - prevents hyperextension

153
Q

What are the attachment sites of the extra-articular ligaments of the hip joint?

A

iliofemoral - AIIS, root of the femoral neck
pubofemoral - superior pubic ramus, lower part of capsule
Ischiofemoral - ischium, posterior capsule

154
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

155
Q

What is the joint classification of the knee joint?

A

Modified hinge joint/ginglymus

156
Q

What bones are involved at the knee joint?

A

Distal femur, proximal tibia

157
Q

What are the ranges of motion at the knee joint?

A

Flexion, extension, and rotation

158
Q

What muscles act in flexion at the knee joint?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius, sartorius, and gracilis

159
Q

What muscles act in extension at the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps femoris

160
Q

What acts in medial rotation at the knee joint?

161
Q

What innervates the knee joint?

A

Femoral, tibial, and common fibular nerves

162
Q

Where does the anterior cruciate ligament originate and insert into?

A

Anterior part of the intercondylar ridge

Medial aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur

163
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A

Prevents forwards displacement

164
Q

Where does the posterior cruciate ligament originate and insert into?

A

Posterior part of the intercondylar ridge

Anterior part of the lateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur

165
Q

What does the PCL prevent?

A

Prevent posterior displacement

166
Q

Where does the medial collateral ligament of the knee attach?

A

The medial meniscus from the femur to the tibia

167
Q

Where does the lateral collateral ligament of the knee attach?

A

Narrow ligament from femur to head of the fibula

168
Q

Which extra-articular ligament is thicker in the knee?

A

Medial collateral

169
Q

Which articular disc is semilunar, attached to the medial collateral ligament and the intercondylar ridge?

A

Medial meniscus

170
Q

Which articular disc is nearly circular and attached to the intercondylar ridge, and not attached at the lateral collateral ligament?

A

Lateral meniscus

171
Q

What type of joint is the superior and inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Superior - synovial

Inferior - fibrous

172
Q

What classification of joint is the superior and inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Superior - planar

Inferior - syndesmosis

173
Q

What bones are involved in the superior and inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Superior - head of the fibula and upper end of the tibia

Inferior - Distal ends of the fibula and tibia

174
Q

What innervates the tibiofibular joints?

A

Deep fibular nerve

175
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial joint

176
Q

What classification is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge/ginglymus

177
Q

What bones are involved in the ankle joint?

A

Lower end of the tibia and fibula, and the talus

178
Q

What motions are achieved at the ankle joint?

A

Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

179
Q

What muscles act in flexion of the ankle joint?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus

180
Q

What muscles act in plantar flexion of of the ankle joint?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris and tibilis posterior

181
Q

What innervates the ankle joint?

A

Tibial and deep peroneal/fibular nerves

Boards Chiro Essentials (20 decks)

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