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Boards Chiro Essentials > Gastrointestinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the GI derived from?

A

Endoderm

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2
Q

What gives rise to the esophagus, stomach, proximal half of the duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas?

A

The foregut

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3
Q

What gives rise to the distal third of the transverse colon to the proximal half of the anal canal?

A

The hindgut

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4
Q

What gives rise to the distal half of the duodenum, small intestine, proximal half of large intestine up to the proximal 2/3 of transverse colon?

A

The midgut

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5
Q

How often does Meckel’s diverticulum occur? Where does it occur?

A

2%; 2 feet proximal to the ileocecal junction

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6
Q

What region of the abdomen contains the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas?

A

Epigastric

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7
Q

What region of the abdomen contains the kidneys?

A

Right and left flank

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8
Q

What region contains of the abdomen liver and gallbladder?

A

Right hypochondrium

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9
Q

What region of the abdomen contains the bladder and uterus?

A

Hypogastric

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10
Q

What region of the abdomen contains only the small intestine?

A

Umbilical

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11
Q

What region of the abdomen contains the left ovary, left uterine tube, and sigmoid colon?

A

Left iliac fossa

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12
Q

What region of the abdomen contains the spleen?

A

Left hypochondrium

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13
Q

What region of the abdomen contains the appendix, right ovary and right uterine tube, and cecum?

A

Right iliac fossa

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14
Q

What dermatome innervates the level of the xiphoid process?

A

T7

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15
Q

What dermatome innervates the level of the umbilical region?

A

T10

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16
Q

What dermatome innervates the level of the inguinal region?

A

L1

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17
Q

What is immediately below skin in the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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18
Q

What is the outer layer of the subcutaneous abdominal tissue is continuous with the fatty subcutaneous layer of the rest of the body?

A

Camper’s fascia

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19
Q

What layer of subcutaneous fascia is present only in the lower abdomen?

A

Membranous or Scarpa’s fascia

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20
Q

What does scarpa’s fascia continue as?

A

Colles fascia in the scrotum and Buck’s fascia in the penis

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21
Q

What is the lateral edge of the rectus sheath?

A

Linea semilunaris

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22
Q

What three structures are medial to the linea semilunaris?

A

Anterior layer of the rectus sheath
Rectus abdominis muscle
Posterior layer of the rectus sheath

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23
Q

Other than skin, subcutaneous fascia, and muscle, what are the remaining 3 layers?

A

Transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

What levels of innervation supply the abdominal wall?

A

T7-11, subcostal T12, and Iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal L1

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25
Q

What forms the anterior layer of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

Anterior layer of the internal oblique aponeurosis

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26
Q

What forms the posterior layer of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line?

A

Posterior layer of the internal oblique aponeurosis

Aponeurosis of transversus abdominus

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27
Q

What forms the anterior layer of the rectus sheath below the arcuate line?

A

The aponeurosis of the internal and external oblique and the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominus

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28
Q

What forms the posterior layer of the rectus sheath below the arcuate line?

A

Only the the transversalis fascia

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29
Q

Where is the arcuate line located?

A

Posterior to the rectus muscle midway between the umbilicus and the symphysis

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30
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Inner lining of the abdominal cavity

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31
Q

What are the layers of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal and visceral

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32
Q

What layer of the peritoneum is sensitive to distension?

A

Visceral

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33
Q

What layer of the peritoneum is sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal

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34
Q

What compartment of the abdominal cavity lies behind the stomach?

A

Lesser sac

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35
Q

What separates the greater and lesser sac of the abdominal cavity?

A

The epiploeic foramen of Winslow

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36
Q

What structures are retroperitoneal?

A

Ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas, adrenals, rectum (lower 2/3s), kidney, aorta, IVC, duodenum (2nd to 4th parts)

37
Q

What type of epithelial cell lines the stomach?

A

Columnar epithelial

38
Q

From outside to inside, what are the layers of smooth muscle arrangement around the stomach?

A

Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique

39
Q

What two folds of peritoneum attach two the stomach?

A

Greater and lesser omenta

40
Q

What type of stomach cell secretes pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

41
Q

What do parietal cells, of the stomach, secrete?

A

HCl, Intrinsic factor

42
Q

What are the vessels that supply the stomach?

A 
Left gastric (from celiac trunk)
Right gastric (from common hepatic)
Left gastro-epiploic and short gastric (from splenic) 
Right gastro-epiploic (from gastro-duodenal of common hepatic)
43
Q

What is the c-shaped portion of the small intestine that wraps around the head of the pancreas?

A

Duodenum

44
Q

How many parts does the duodenum contain? What are they?

A

4, superior, descending, horizontal, ascending

45
Q

The upper half of the duodenum is supplied by what artery?

A

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

46
Q

The lower half of the duodenum is supplied by what artery?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

47
Q

The common bile duct opens into which portion of the duodenum?

A

2nd

48
Q

What passes over the third part of the duodenum?

A

Superior mesenteric vein and artery

49
Q

What ligament holds the duodeno-jejunal junction in place?

A

The suspensory ligament (of Treitz)

50
Q

What portion of the duodenum is intraperitoneal?

A

The first inch

51
Q

What forms the common hepatic duct?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

52
Q

What forms the common bile duct?

A

Common hepatic and cystic duct

53
Q

What is the triangle between the cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and liver?

A

Callot’s triangle

54
Q

What passes through Callot’s triangle?

A

Cystic artery

55
Q

What does the common bile duct travel with?

A

The proper hepatic artery and portal vein along the free edge of the lesser omentum

56
Q

What does the gallbladder store?

A

Bile (50cc)

57
Q

What is the structure of the gallbladder?

A

Fundus, body, neck, and cystic duct (of Heister)

58
Q

What is more vascular portion of the small intestine?

A

Proximal (jejunum)

59
Q

What is the thinner, narrower portion of the small intestine?

A

Distal (ileum)

60
Q

Which portion of the small intestine contains more fat and more vasa recta and arcades?

A

Ileum

61
Q

What are peyer’s patches?

A

GALT in the ileum

62
Q

What supplies the small intesting, and large intestine up to the proximal 2/3s of the small intestine?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

63
Q

What features separate the large intestine from the small intestine?

A

Haustra, teniae coli, appendices epiploica, and larger diameter

64
Q

What are sections of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, ascending, descending, and sigmoid

65
Q

What is the most common location of the appendix?

A

Behind the cecum/retrocecal

66
Q

What other locations may the appendix be in?

A

In the pelvis, retro-ileal or pre-ileal

67
Q

What supplies the appendix?

A

The appendicular artery

68
Q

What is the point at which the base of the appendix is located?

A

McBurney’s point 2/3 along a line from the ASIS to the umbilicus

69
Q

What is the watershed area of the large intestine?

A

The point at where the large intestine switches from midgut to hindgut origins

70
Q

What is the importance of the watershed area?

A

Blood supply can be compromised during hypovolemic shock

71
Q

What is the path of lymph nodes that drain the colon?

A

Pericolic to paracolic to mesenteric to para-aortic

72
Q

The rectum has how many curves?

A

3, two left, one right

73
Q

What is the lower dilated portion of the rectum?

A

Ampulla

74
Q

What is the pattern of peritoneal covering of the rectum?

A

The upper third is covered on the anterior and lateral sides
The middle third is covered by peritoneum on the anterior aspect
The last third is entirely retroperitoneal

75
Q

What supplies blood to the rectum?

A

The superior rectal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery

76
Q

What drains the lymphatics of the rectum?

A

Inferior mesenteric nodes

77
Q

What demarcates the rectum and anal canal?

A

The pelvic diaphragm

78
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the anal canal?

A

Endoderm and ectoderm

79
Q

What is the junction between the two embryologic origins of the rectum?

A

The pectineal line

80
Q

What are the longitudinal folds in the anal mucosa above the pectineal line?

A

Columns of Morgagni

81
Q

What are the anal columns connected by inferiorly?

A

Mucosal folds called the valves of Ball

82
Q

Where do the anal glands open?

A

Directly behind the valves

83
Q

What muscles pull the anal rectal junction anteriorly?

A

Puborectalis and levator ani

84
Q

Which anal sphincter is made of smooth muscle?

A

Internal circular sphincter

85
Q

The external anal sphincter has how many parts?

A

3, Deep, superficial, and submucosal

86
Q

What supplies innervation to the external anal sphincter?

A

Inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve

87
Q

Which portion of the anal canal is insensitive to pain?

A

The portion above the pectinel line

88
Q

What supplies blood to the lower half of the anal canal?

A

The inferior rectal branch of the internal pudendal artery

Boards Chiro Essentials (20 decks)

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