Endocrine Anatomy Flashcards
What is the master endocrine gland?
Pituitary
What are the anterior embryological origins of the pituitary gland?
Rathke’s pouch
What are the posterior origins of the pituitary gland?
A down growth of the hypothalamus
Where does the pituitary gland lie?
The sella turcica
What covers the pituitary gland?
A fold of dura called diaphragm sellae
What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH
What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland store?
ADH and Oxytocin
What supplies the pituitary gland?
Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries from the internal carotid
What is the structure of the thyroid gland?
An H shaped gland with two lobes and an isthmus connecting them
What is the thyroid gland derived from?
A mesodermal down growth from the foramen cecum
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Th anterior cervical triangle
What is the thyroid gland enclosed in?
A true fibrous capsule and an outer false capsule derived from pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia
What supplies blood to the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid from external carotid
Inferior thyroid form the thyrocervical trunk
Thyroid ima in 3-10% of the population
What drains the thyroid gland?
Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
What is the relationship between the arteries and veins supplying the thyroid gland?
The superior artery travels with the superior thyroid vein, and the middle thyroid vein accompanies the inferior thyroid artery
What nerve supplies the cricothyroid?
The external laryngeal nerve of the superior laryngeal nerve
What does the external laryngeal nerve travel with?
The superior thyroid artery
What supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
What travels with the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Inferior thyroid artery
What do the cuboidal cell-lined follicles of the thyroid secrete?
Thyroxin
What do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete?
Calcitonin
How many pairs of parathyroid glands are normal?
Two
What are the superior parathyroid glands derived from?
Mesoderm in the 4th pharyngeal pouch
What are the inferior parathyroid glands derived from?
The 3rd pharyngeal pouch
What supplies the parathyroid gland?
Inferior thyroid artery
What types of cells does the parathyroid hormone contain?
Chief cells and oxyphils
What type of parathyroid cell secretes PTH?
Chief cells
Which endocrine gland is also a exocrine gland?
Pancreas
What is the pancreas derived from?
Ventral and dorsal endodermal buds of the foregut
Which cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?
Beta cells
Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?
Alpha cells
Which cells of the pancreas secrete somatostatin?
Delta cells
What is embedded between the pancreatic acini?
The islets of Langerhans
What are the parts of the pancreas?
The head, uncinate process, neck, body, and tail
Where is the head of the pancreas?
The c-shaped curve of the duodenum
What structures does the body of the pancreas lie across?
The IVC, aorta, and left kidney
Where is the tail of the pancreas?
At the hilum of the spleen
What is the duct of Wirsung?
The main pancreatic duct
What does the main pancreatic duct join?
The common bile duct
Where does the common bile duct open into?
The ampulla of Vater
What is at the main pancreatic duct before the duodenum?
The smooth muscle sphincter of Oddi
What is the duct of Santorini?
The accessory pancreatic duct
Why are there differences in drainage of the pancreas?
The head is derived from the ventral pancreatic bud, and the rest is derived from the dorsal pancreatic bud
What supplies blood to the pancreas?
The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the gastroduodenal artery
The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the superior mesenteric artery
The great pancreatic artery from the splenic artery
What are the embryologic origins of the adrenal gland?
Cortex - mesoderm
Medulla - neuroectoderm
What are the shapes of the adrenal glands?
Left - semilunar and larger
Right - triangular and smaller
What are the three structural zones of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce?
Zona glomerulosa - mineralcorticoids
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - sex hormones
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Nnorepinephrine
What does the adrenal medulla receive innervation from?
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through the celiac ganglion
What arteries supply the adrenal gland? What are they branches of?
Superior adrenal from the inferior phrenic
Middle adrenal from the abdominal aorta
Inferior adrenal from the renal artery
What does the left adrenal vein drain into?
Left renal vein
What does the right adrenal vein drain into?
IVC