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Boards Chiro Essentials > Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What germinal layer does the heart develop from?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

What region does the heart develop in?

A

Cephalic region

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3
Q

What structure is a coalescence of angioblastic tissue that forms first in heart development

A

Endocardial tubes

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4
Q

When the endocardial tubes fuse, what do they form?

A

The primitive heart tube

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5
Q

When the heart tube forms on its self, what dilations form?

A

Atrial, ventricular, bulbis cordis

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6
Q

After the primitive heart tube forms, what forms at the proximal end?

A

Sinus venosus

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7
Q

After the primitive heart tube forms, what forms at the distal end?

A

Truncus arteriosus

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8
Q

What divides the atrial dilation in the 5th week?

A

Septum primum

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9
Q

What hole appears in the upper part of the septum primum?

A

Ostium secondum

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10
Q

What appears to the right of the septum primum?

A

Septum secondum

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11
Q

The ventricular septum forms upwards towards what structure?

A

Endocardial cushions

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12
Q

The truncus arteriosus divides into what? When does this happen?

A

Aortic and pulmonary tubes, 7th and 8th week

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13
Q

When the truncus arteriosus folds, what position does the pulmonary artery lie in initially?

A

Anterior

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14
Q

What is the connection between the left pulmonary artery and arch of the aorta?

A

Ductus arteriosus

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15
Q

When the ductus arteriosus closes, what is it called?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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16
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly that can occur during heart formation?

A

VSD

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17
Q

What is the most common atrial septal defect?

A

Ostium secondum defect

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18
Q

If the ductus arteriosus remains open, what is it called?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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19
Q

ASD, VSD, and PDA are all what type of shunts?

A

Left to right

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20
Q

What type of shunt results in cyanosis?

A

Right to left

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21
Q

Fallot’s tetralogy results in what defects?

A

Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, VSD, Dextropositioning of the aorta

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22
Q

Where are the borders of the heart?

A

3rd right costal cartilage 2 cm from sternum
6th right costal cartilage 2 cm from the sternum
2nd left costal cartilage 2 cm from the sternum
5th left intercostal space 7-9 cm from the midsternal line

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23
Q

What are the origins of the right atrium?

A

Sinus venosus and from the true atrium

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24
Q

Where is the rough part of the right atrium formed from?

A

True atrium

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25
Q

Where is the smooth part of the right atrium formed from?

A

Sinus vensosus

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26
Q

What separates the smooth and rough part of the right atrium?

A

Crista terminalis

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27
Q

What openings are found in the the right atrium?

A

For the SVC, IVC, Coronary sinus; tricuspid valve

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28
Q

What is the ovale depression interarterial septum?

A

Fossa ovale

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29
Q

What is the fossa ovale a remnant of?

A

Septum primum

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30
Q

What is the elevated ridge at the edge of the septum secondum?

A

Limbus of the fossa ovalis

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31
Q

What is the limbus of the fossa ovalis a remnant of?

A

Septum secondum

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32
Q

How much myocardial blood drains from the coronary sinus?

A

60-70%

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33
Q

Does the left atrium have smooth and rough origins?

A

Yes

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34
Q

What opens into the left atrium?

A

4 pulmonary veins

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35
Q

The ventricles contains what rounded irregular muscular columns?

A

Trabeculae carneae

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36
Q

The ventricles contain what muscles that connect to the heart valves?

A

Papillary muscles

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37
Q

What structure in the right ventricle contains a large portion of the bundle branch?

A

Septomarginal branch

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38
Q

What is the funnel shaped inlet in the right ventricle that opens into the pulmonary valves?

A

Infindibulum

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39
Q

The left ventricle has two portions, what are they?

A

Thin upper membranous part

Thick lower muscular part

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40
Q

Where can the aortic heart valve be heard?

A

2nd right intercostal space 1.25 cm from the border

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41
Q

Where can the pulmonary heart valve be heard?

A

2nd left intercostal space 1.25 cm from the border

42
Q

Where can the tricuspid valve be heard?

A

4th left intercostal space 1.25 cm from the sternal border

43
Q

Where can the mitral valve be heard?

A

5th left intercostal space 7-9 cm from the midsternal line

44
Q

What 3 structures make up the tricuspid valve?

A

Anterior, posterior, and septal leaflets

45
Q

What 3 structures make up the pulmonary valve?

A

anterior, right and left posterior semilunar valves

46
Q

What 2 structures make up the mitral valve?

A

anterior and posterior leaflets

47
Q

What 3 structures make up the aortic valve?

A

Posterior, right and left anterior semilunar valves

48
Q

What supplies the heart with blood?

A

Right and left coronary artery

49
Q

What is the course of the right coronary artery?

A

Originates from the right aortic coronary sinus

Runs between the right auricle and pulmonary trunk in the anterior atrioventricular sulcus

50
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Sinu-atrial
Right marginal
Posterior interventricular
Atrioventricular

51
Q

Where is the right coronary artery distributed to?

A 
Right atrium, right ventricle, 30% of left atrium
SA node (55%), AV node (85%), posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum
52
Q

What is the course of the left coronary artery?

A

Originates in the left aortic coronary sinus and runs between the left auricle and pulmonary trunk

53
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Circumflex
Anterior interventricular
Left marginal

54
Q

Where is the left coronary artery distributed to?

A

Left ventricle
70% of left atrium
Anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum

55
Q

What does the great cardiac vein accompany?

A

Left anterior descending/anterior interventricular

56
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein accompany?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

57
Q

What does the small cardiac vein accompany?

A

Right marginal artery

58
Q

What drains blood not drained by coronary sinus?

A

Anterior cardiac vein (right atrium)

Smaller venae cordis minimi (other chambers)

59
Q

Where is the sino-atrial node located?

A

Upper right atrium near the opening of SVC

60
Q

Where is the atrio-ventricular node located?

A

The posterior inferior of the right atrium (triangle of Koch)

61
Q

What is the triangle of Koch bounded by?

A

Tricuspid valve septal leaflet, opening of the coronary artery, and the tendon of Todora

62
Q

What part of the conduction system is located in the membranous part of the intraventricular septum?

A

Bundle of His

63
Q

What part of the conduction system is located in the muscular part of the intraventricular septum?

A

Right and left bundle branches

64
Q

What do the bundle branches of the conduction system terminate as?

A

Purkinje fibers

65
Q

What is the SA node innervated by?

A

Cardiac plexuses and sympathetic fibers from T1-5 and parasympathetics from CN X

66
Q

The superficial cardiac plexus receives fibers from what?

A

Superior cervical ganglion and inferior cardiac branch of the vagus

67
Q

The deep cardiac plexus receives fibers from where?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia; superior and inferior cardiac branches of the vagus, and branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve

68
Q

What are the branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

Right and left coronary trunk, brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian, 3-11th posterior intercostals, 3 bronchial branches, 4-5 esophageal branches

69
Q

What are the 4 paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior phrenic, middle adrenal, renal, gonadal

70
Q

What are the 4 paired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

1st-4th lumbar arteries

71
Q

What are the 4 unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, median sacral artery

72
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A

Common iliac to the internal and external iliac

73
Q

What are the anterior branches of the internal iliac?

A

Superior vesical, inferior vesical, middle rectal, obturator, inferior gluteal, internal pudendal, uterine and vaginal (females)

74
Q

What are the posterior branches of the internal iliac?

A

Iliolumbar, lateral sacral, superior gluteal

75
Q

What are the branches of the external iliac?

A

Cremasteric (in males), inferior epigastric, deep circumflex

76
Q

Where is the line of demarcation for external iliac to femoral artery?

A

The inguinal ligament

77
Q

What are the branches of the femoral artery?

A

Superficial external pudendal, deep external pudendal, superficial circumflex iliac, deep femoral (w/ medial and lateral circumflex branches)

78
Q

Where does the femoral artery become popliteal artery?

A

After passing through the adductor canal

79
Q

What are the branches of the popliteal artery?

A

Medial and lateral superior; middle; medial and lateral inferior genicular

80
Q

What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?

A

Posterior and anterior tibial arteries

81
Q

Where does the posterior tibial artery bifurcate?

A

Behind the medial malleolus

82
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery bifurcate into?

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

83
Q

What are the branches of the posterior tibial artery?

A

Posterior medial malleolar, muscular, peroneal, nutrient to the tibia

84
Q

What are the branches of the anterior tibial artery?

A

Recurrent genicular, anterior medial, lateral malleolar

85
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery continue as?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

86
Q

What branch of the dorsal pedis artery supplies the dorsum of the foot?

A

Arcuate artery

87
Q

What does the dorsal pedis artery connect to?

A

Lateral plantar branch of the posterior tibial artery

88
Q

What two vessels pass under the anterior scalene?

A

Left and right subclavian artery

89
Q

What are the branches of the subclavian artery?

A

Internal thoracic, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk, dorsal scapular

90
Q

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

Suprascapular, Inferior thyroid, Transverse cervical

91
Q

What are the branches of the costocervical trunk?

A

Superior intercostal artery, Deep cervical

92
Q

Where does the axillary artery branch?

A

By the pectoralis minor muscle

93
Q

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

A

Superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, posterior and anterior circumflex humeral artery

94
Q

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

Teres Major

95
Q

What are the branches of the brachial artery?

A

Profunda brachial, nutrient, muscular, superior and inferior ulnar collateral

96
Q

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate?

A

The cubital fossa at the level of the neck of the radius

97
Q

What does the brachial artery bifurcate into?

A

Radial and ulnar arteries

98
Q

What are the branches of the radial artery ?

A

Radial recurrent, carpal, muscular, superficial palmar arteries

99
Q

What are the branches of the ulnar artery?

A

anterior and posterior ulnar collateral, common interosseous, muscular, anteriror and posterior carpal, and deep palmer

100
Q

What is the superficial palmar arch continuous with?

A

The ulnar artery

101
Q

What is the deep palmar arch continuous with?

A

The radial artery

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