Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards
What germinal layer does the heart develop from?
Mesoderm
What region does the heart develop in?
Cephalic region
What structure is a coalescence of angioblastic tissue that forms first in heart development
Endocardial tubes
When the endocardial tubes fuse, what do they form?
The primitive heart tube
When the heart tube forms on its self, what dilations form?
Atrial, ventricular, bulbis cordis
After the primitive heart tube forms, what forms at the proximal end?
Sinus venosus
After the primitive heart tube forms, what forms at the distal end?
Truncus arteriosus
What divides the atrial dilation in the 5th week?
Septum primum
What hole appears in the upper part of the septum primum?
Ostium secondum
What appears to the right of the septum primum?
Septum secondum
The ventricular septum forms upwards towards what structure?
Endocardial cushions
The truncus arteriosus divides into what? When does this happen?
Aortic and pulmonary tubes, 7th and 8th week
When the truncus arteriosus folds, what position does the pulmonary artery lie in initially?
Anterior
What is the connection between the left pulmonary artery and arch of the aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
When the ductus arteriosus closes, what is it called?
Ligamentum venosum
What is the most common congenital anomaly that can occur during heart formation?
VSD
What is the most common atrial septal defect?
Ostium secondum defect
If the ductus arteriosus remains open, what is it called?
Patent ductus arteriosus
ASD, VSD, and PDA are all what type of shunts?
Left to right
What type of shunt results in cyanosis?
Right to left
Fallot’s tetralogy results in what defects?
Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, VSD, Dextropositioning of the aorta
Where are the borders of the heart?
3rd right costal cartilage 2 cm from sternum
6th right costal cartilage 2 cm from the sternum
2nd left costal cartilage 2 cm from the sternum
5th left intercostal space 7-9 cm from the midsternal line
What are the origins of the right atrium?
Sinus venosus and from the true atrium
Where is the rough part of the right atrium formed from?
True atrium
Where is the smooth part of the right atrium formed from?
Sinus vensosus
What separates the smooth and rough part of the right atrium?
Crista terminalis
What openings are found in the the right atrium?
For the SVC, IVC, Coronary sinus; tricuspid valve
What is the ovale depression interarterial septum?
Fossa ovale
What is the fossa ovale a remnant of?
Septum primum
What is the elevated ridge at the edge of the septum secondum?
Limbus of the fossa ovalis
What is the limbus of the fossa ovalis a remnant of?
Septum secondum
How much myocardial blood drains from the coronary sinus?
60-70%
Does the left atrium have smooth and rough origins?
Yes
What opens into the left atrium?
4 pulmonary veins
The ventricles contains what rounded irregular muscular columns?
Trabeculae carneae
The ventricles contain what muscles that connect to the heart valves?
Papillary muscles
What structure in the right ventricle contains a large portion of the bundle branch?
Septomarginal branch
What is the funnel shaped inlet in the right ventricle that opens into the pulmonary valves?
Infindibulum
The left ventricle has two portions, what are they?
Thin upper membranous part
Thick lower muscular part
Where can the aortic heart valve be heard?
2nd right intercostal space 1.25 cm from the border
Where can the pulmonary heart valve be heard?
2nd left intercostal space 1.25 cm from the border
Where can the tricuspid valve be heard?
4th left intercostal space 1.25 cm from the sternal border
Where can the mitral valve be heard?
5th left intercostal space 7-9 cm from the midsternal line
What 3 structures make up the tricuspid valve?
Anterior, posterior, and septal leaflets
What 3 structures make up the pulmonary valve?
anterior, right and left posterior semilunar valves
What 2 structures make up the mitral valve?
anterior and posterior leaflets
What 3 structures make up the aortic valve?
Posterior, right and left anterior semilunar valves
What supplies the heart with blood?
Right and left coronary artery
What is the course of the right coronary artery?
Originates from the right aortic coronary sinus
Runs between the right auricle and pulmonary trunk in the anterior atrioventricular sulcus
What are the branches of the right coronary artery?
Sinu-atrial
Right marginal
Posterior interventricular
Atrioventricular
Where is the right coronary artery distributed to?
Right atrium, right ventricle, 30% of left atrium SA node (55%), AV node (85%), posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum
What is the course of the left coronary artery?
Originates in the left aortic coronary sinus and runs between the left auricle and pulmonary trunk
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
Circumflex
Anterior interventricular
Left marginal
Where is the left coronary artery distributed to?
Left ventricle
70% of left atrium
Anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum
What does the great cardiac vein accompany?
Left anterior descending/anterior interventricular
What does the middle cardiac vein accompany?
Posterior interventricular artery
What does the small cardiac vein accompany?
Right marginal artery
What drains blood not drained by coronary sinus?
Anterior cardiac vein (right atrium)
Smaller venae cordis minimi (other chambers)
Where is the sino-atrial node located?
Upper right atrium near the opening of SVC
Where is the atrio-ventricular node located?
The posterior inferior of the right atrium (triangle of Koch)
What is the triangle of Koch bounded by?
Tricuspid valve septal leaflet, opening of the coronary artery, and the tendon of Todora
What part of the conduction system is located in the membranous part of the intraventricular septum?
Bundle of His
What part of the conduction system is located in the muscular part of the intraventricular septum?
Right and left bundle branches
What do the bundle branches of the conduction system terminate as?
Purkinje fibers
What is the SA node innervated by?
Cardiac plexuses and sympathetic fibers from T1-5 and parasympathetics from CN X
The superficial cardiac plexus receives fibers from what?
Superior cervical ganglion and inferior cardiac branch of the vagus
The deep cardiac plexus receives fibers from where?
Superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia; superior and inferior cardiac branches of the vagus, and branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve
What are the branches of the thoracic aorta?
Right and left coronary trunk, brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian, 3-11th posterior intercostals, 3 bronchial branches, 4-5 esophageal branches
What are the 4 paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
Inferior phrenic, middle adrenal, renal, gonadal
What are the 4 paired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta?
1st-4th lumbar arteries
What are the 4 unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, median sacral artery
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
Common iliac to the internal and external iliac
What are the anterior branches of the internal iliac?
Superior vesical, inferior vesical, middle rectal, obturator, inferior gluteal, internal pudendal, uterine and vaginal (females)
What are the posterior branches of the internal iliac?
Iliolumbar, lateral sacral, superior gluteal
What are the branches of the external iliac?
Cremasteric (in males), inferior epigastric, deep circumflex
Where is the line of demarcation for external iliac to femoral artery?
The inguinal ligament
What are the branches of the femoral artery?
Superficial external pudendal, deep external pudendal, superficial circumflex iliac, deep femoral (w/ medial and lateral circumflex branches)
Where does the femoral artery become popliteal artery?
After passing through the adductor canal
What are the branches of the popliteal artery?
Medial and lateral superior; middle; medial and lateral inferior genicular
What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?
Posterior and anterior tibial arteries
Where does the posterior tibial artery bifurcate?
Behind the medial malleolus
What does the posterior tibial artery bifurcate into?
Medial and lateral plantar arteries
What are the branches of the posterior tibial artery?
Posterior medial malleolar, muscular, peroneal, nutrient to the tibia
What are the branches of the anterior tibial artery?
Recurrent genicular, anterior medial, lateral malleolar
What does the anterior tibial artery continue as?
Dorsalis pedis artery
What branch of the dorsal pedis artery supplies the dorsum of the foot?
Arcuate artery
What does the dorsal pedis artery connect to?
Lateral plantar branch of the posterior tibial artery
What two vessels pass under the anterior scalene?
Left and right subclavian artery
What are the branches of the subclavian artery?
Internal thoracic, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk, dorsal scapular
What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
Suprascapular, Inferior thyroid, Transverse cervical
What are the branches of the costocervical trunk?
Superior intercostal artery, Deep cervical
Where does the axillary artery branch?
By the pectoralis minor muscle
What are the branches of the axillary artery?
Superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, posterior and anterior circumflex humeral artery
Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
Teres Major
What are the branches of the brachial artery?
Profunda brachial, nutrient, muscular, superior and inferior ulnar collateral
Where does the brachial artery bifurcate?
The cubital fossa at the level of the neck of the radius
What does the brachial artery bifurcate into?
Radial and ulnar arteries
What are the branches of the radial artery ?
Radial recurrent, carpal, muscular, superficial palmar arteries
What are the branches of the ulnar artery?
anterior and posterior ulnar collateral, common interosseous, muscular, anteriror and posterior carpal, and deep palmer
What is the superficial palmar arch continuous with?
The ulnar artery
What is the deep palmar arch continuous with?
The radial artery
