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Boards Chiro Essentials > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryological origin of the respiratory tract?

A

A respiratory diverticulum from the upper end of the foregut

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2
Q

What structure first form in development of the lungs?

A

Two lung buds

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3
Q

What do lung buds become?

A

Primary bronchi

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4
Q

Primary bronchi divide into what?

A

Secondary bronchi

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5
Q

What are secondary bronchi also called?

A

Lobar bronchi

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6
Q

What do secondary bronchi divide into?

A

Tertiary bronchi

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7
Q

What are tertiary bronchi also called?

A

Segmental bronchi

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8
Q

Tertiary bronchi keep dividing to form what?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

What do terminal bronchioles give rise to?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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10
Q

Alveoli develop from respiratory bronchioles when?

A

Third trimester

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11
Q

What is a rare congenital malformation in which the upper esophagus is blind-ending and the lower esophagus is connected to the trachea by a fistula?

A

Esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula

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12
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Cricoid cartilage (C6)

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13
Q

What type of cartilage is in the trachea?

A

Fibrocartilage

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14
Q

What type of cell lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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15
Q

What holds the trachea open?

A

15-20 U-shaped rings

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16
Q

What are the dimensions of the trachea?

A

5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter

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17
Q

What connects the tracheal rings posteriorly?

A

Trachealis

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18
Q

Where does the trachea end?

A

The sternal angle (of Louis) at T4/T5

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19
Q

What marks the bifurcation of the trachea?

A

Carina (V shaped cartilage)

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20
Q

Where does the esophagus lie in relation to the trachea?

A

Posterior

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21
Q

What crosses the 2nd-4th tracheal rings?

A

The isthmus of the thyroid

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22
Q

Which bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical?

A

Right

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23
Q

Which bronchus divides into two secondary bronchi?

A

Left main bronchus

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24
Q

Which bronchus divides into three secondary bronchi?

A

Right main bronchus

25
Q

How much surface area does a lung provide for gas exchange?

A

40 square meters

26
Q

What are the different lung surfaces?

A

Cervical (apex), Diaphragmatic (base), Costovertebral (lateral), Mediastinal (medial)

27
Q

Which lung is bigger, wider and shorter?

A

Right

28
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?

A

10 right

8-9 left

29
Q

Where do the intersegmental veins of the lungs drain into?

A

The azygos veinous system or the pulmonary veins

30
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the lungs derived from?

A

Bronchial branches of the aorta

31
Q

In the root of the lungs, what is the orientation of the bronchus and veins?

A

Bronchus - behind

Veins - below

32
Q

What is the orientation of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs?

A

The right pulmonary artery is in the lung root anterior to the bronchus; The left pulmonary artery lies superior to the bronchus

33
Q

What layer of the pleura is sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal

34
Q

What is the visceral layer of pleura innervated by?

A

Vagus nerve

35
Q

What is the parietal pleura innervated by?

A

Intercostal and phrenic nerves

36
Q

What is a sleeve of pleura at the root of the lung and functions as anatomical dead space for pulmonary veins?

A

Pulmonary ligament

37
Q

What part of the of the cervical pleura extends above the 1st rib?

A

Cupola

38
Q

What limits the extension of the lung into the neck?

A

Sibson’s fascia

39
Q

What supplies blood to the pleura?

A

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

40
Q

What are the upper 6 anterior intercostal arteries derived from?

A

The internal thoracic artery of the subclavian artery

41
Q

What are the anterior 7th-9th intercostal arteries derived from?

A

Musculophrenic branch of the internal thoracic artery

42
Q

What are the 1st and second intercostal arteries derived from?

A

The costocervical branch of the subclavian artery

43
Q

What are the 3rd through 11th posterior intercostal arteries derived from?

A

Descending thoracic aorta

44
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pleura?

A

Azygos venous drainage

45
Q

What lie on the right side of the lower eight thoracic vertebra?

A

Azygos vein

46
Q

What vessels does the azygos vein receive?

A

2nd through 11th posterior intercostal artery and right subcostal veins

47
Q

What does the hemiazygos vein drain?

A

The 3 or 4 lower left intercostal veins and the left subcostal vein

48
Q

What is the accessory hemiazygos vein formed by?

A

5th-8th left intercostal vein

49
Q

What do the 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

The brachiocephalic vein

50
Q

What is the fibromuscular septum that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

51
Q

What are the embryological origins of the diaphragm?

A

Central tendon (3-5th cervical somite)
Pleuroperitoneal membranes
Peripheral rim of the body wall
Dorsal mesentery of the esophagus

52
Q

What are the muscular fiber origins of the diaphragm?

A

Right crus (from bodies of of L1-3)
Left crus (from bodies of L1-2)
The lower 6 ribs
Sternum (posterior aspect of xiphoid process)

53
Q

What is the muscular insertion of the diaphragm?

A

The central tendon

54
Q

What levels are the openings of the diaphragm at and for what?

A

T8 - IVC, Right phrenic, pericardiophrenic vessels
T10 - Esophagus and Vagus nerve
T12 - Aorta, Thoracic duct, Azygos vein

55
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve (C3-5)

56
Q

What covers the diaphragm?

A

Superior - Pleura

Inferior - Peritoneum

57
Q

What is the condensation of fascia over the psoas muscle?

A

The medial arcuate ligament

58
Q

What is the condensation of fascia over the quadratus lumborum?

A

Lateral arcuate ligament

59
Q

What connects the right and left crura of the diaphragm?

A

Median arcuate ligament

Boards Chiro Essentials (20 decks)

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