specific haloalkane mechanism Flashcards
what do alkyl groups have the tendency of
have a tendency to release electrons.
why do primary alkanes have higher boiling points
van der waal forces
direction of dipole
hydroxide ions in nucleophilic subsitition
koh reagant
conditions for hydroxide ions in nucleophillic subsitition
warm aqeous solution dissolved in ethanol.
slow reaction.
alcohols are formed
nucleophillic subsitition in cyanide ions
warm ethanoic solution.
nitriles are formes
nucleophillic subsitition in ammonia
at excess.
in ethanol solution
at pressure
what is a nucleophillic elimination reaction
when an hydrogen is eliminated. forms an alkene
alkene as e so does elimination
nucleophillic elimination condition
KOH NAOH
heat.
ethanol.
acid
proton donator. protons are positive
alkali
proton acceptor in aqueous solution
base
proton acceptor
OH in nucleophillic elimination
OH acts as base . Alkene water molecule and halogen radical.
Isomeric products
In some cases a mixture of isomeric elimination products is possible.
CFCs purpose
foams expanded polystyrene.
• Longer chain ones are used as dry cleaning
de-greasing solvents.
Do alkenes have a high bond enalphy in double carbon carbon bonds
The bond enthalpy for C-C is 347 kJ moJ- 1
and that for C=C is 612 kJ mo1-
are alkenes less reactive than alkanes
no.
The C=C forms an electron -rich area in the molecule, which can
easily be attacked by positively charged reagents.
since alkenes are unsaturated it means that
they can undergo addition reactions.
having a tendency to release electrons is known as
This is known as a positive inductive effect
This electron-releasing effect tends to
to stabilise the positive charge of the carbocation.
The more stable the carbocation the more
reactive the carbocation is
