A2 Carboxylic Acids and Esters Flashcards
nitriles to carboxylic acid name of reaction
hydroyslis
Acid hydrolysis
The nitrile is heated under reflux with a dilute acid such as dilute hydrochloric acid.
acid hydrolysis steps
x
alkali hydrolysis
The nitrile is heated under reflux with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide solution.
alkali hydrolysis step 1 and 2
carboxylic acid, because that’s what we are trying to make. To liberate the weak acid, ethanoic acid, you just have to supply hydrogen ions from a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid. You add enough hydrochloric acid to the mixture to make it acidic.
what are carboxylic acids?
they are weak acids - they weakly dissociates their h+ ions, they weakly ionise in water
name of the ethanoic acid ion
ethanoate ion
what can carboxylic acids react with
alkalis, acids, metals carbonates ammonia but very slowly.
name of carboxylic acids
ioc acids
what is esterification?
when an carboxylic acid and alchol react to form an ester
what is the catalsyt needed for ester to react
concentrated sulfuric acids
esterification is
reversible
what other way can esters be formed
alcohol and acid anhydride
naming esters
alkly chain then alkoate
ester hydroyslis
when esters are broken down into carboxylic acid and alcohol
ester hydrolysis is
reversible
what acid is needed for hydrolysis
sulfuric acid
saponification
when ester hydrosylis happens in a alkali condition
ester alkali hydroyslis
naoh + ester —— salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol
ester uses
food flavoring
perfumes
solvents
plasticisers
carboxylic acid carbonly group
• The Cs+ is open to attack from nucleophiles.
• The O&- of the C=O may be attacked by positively charged species
(like H+. in which case you say it has been protonated).
• The HS+ may be lost as H+, in which case the compound is behaving
as an acid.
