A2 Uses of esters, fats, acyl chlorides, nucleophillic addition elimination

Question 1

what happens when a COOH loses a proton

Answer 1

this delocalisation of a proton causes the negative charge to be shared across the ion. the bond length then become the same the molecule becomes more stable

Question 2

fatty acids glycerol

Answer 2

propane-1,2,3- triol

Question 3

whats can happen to fats in hydrolyse

Answer 3

Fats and oils can be hydrolysed in acid conditions to give a mixture of glycerol and the component fatty acids.

Question 4

fats and alkali hydrolyse name

Answer 4

saponification - the formation of soaps

Question 5

why are salts produced in saponification good soaps?

Answer 5

the hydrocarbon can mix with the grease the coo- ions can mix with the water

Question 6

roles of gylcerol

Answer 6

It is used extensively in many pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. Because it attracts water, it is used to prevent ointments and creams from drying out. • It is used as a solvent in many medicines, and is present in toothpastes. • It is used as a solvcnr in the food industry, for example, for food colourings. • It is used to plasticise various materials like sheets and gaskets, cellophane, and special quality papers.

Question 7

fat + 3NaOH

Answer 7

propan- 1,2,3, - triol + sodium salt

Question 8

saturated fats

Answer 8

are known as solid fats- there are no double bonds this means that there is less space apart from the molecules and more van der waal forces between them which will increase the boiling point vice versa with unsaturated salts

Question 9

acid derivatives

Answer 9

have acyl groups as part of there structure

Question 10

why are acyl chlorides so reactive?

Answer 10

the cl is more electronegative than insert functional group it pulls the electrons more in the covalent bond between c c becomes more positive and a stringer electrophile so reactions are more rapid

Question 11

acyl and water

Answer 11

vigorous reaction no catalyst as the reaction is spontateous forms COOH and HCL

Question 12

Acyl and alcohol

Answer 12

Ester and Acids HCL

Question 13

Acyl and amide

Answer 13

HCL and alkyl- alkane-amode

Question 14

Acyl and NH3

Answer 14

alkane-amide and HCL

Question 15

Reaction list is Acyl groups

Answer 15

primary ——-> amine———–> ammonia ————>alcohol—————> water reactivity order

Question 16

what does the reaction depends on

Answer 16

The magnitude of the o+ charge on the carbonyl carbon, which in turn depends on the electron-releasing or attracting power of Z. 2 How easily Z is lost. (Z is called the leaving group.) 3 How good the nudeophile is.

Question 17

what happens when the leaving groups leave

Answer 17

Z group takes the electrons this means that the C is more positive so it attractives more nucleophiles

Question 18

what is a better acylating agent?

Answer 18

acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides are both good acylating agents. Acyl chlorides are more reactive than acid anhydrides.

Question 19

nucleophillic addition elimination reaction acyl chlorides

Answer 19