A2 nucleophillic addition

Question 1

c=o bond

Answer 1

carbon is positive and oxygen is negative. the C is attacked by nucleophiles. The shape is trigonal planar shaped so the c and o and the two other atoms are joined to the c and in the same plane. Reagants react across the double bond

Question 2

Reagant in nucleophillic reaction reduction

Answer 2

NaBh4

Question 3

conditions

Answer 3

aqeous

Question 4

what happens

Answer 4

2 H atoms bond to c and o

Question 5

products

Answer 5

primary alcohols from aldehydes secondary alcohols - ketones

Question 6

c=o rotation

Answer 6

the bond cannot rotate p orbital electrons overlap forms a pie bond above and below the double bond causes restricted rotation

Question 7

why are aldehydes more likely to undergo nucleophilic addition

Answer 7

there are fewer carbonyl groups means less positive inductive effect and electrons supplying electrons. This is increases positive charge

Question 8

steric effect in nucleophillic addition

Answer 8

In aldehydes, the relatively small hydrogen atom is attached to one side of the carbonyl group, while a larger R group is affixed to the other side. In ketones, however, R groups are attached to both sides of the carbonyl group. Thus, steric hindrance is less in aldehydes than in ketones.

Question 9

what provides what

Answer 9

water gives h+ and h- is given by NaBh4-

Question 10

mechanism

Answer 10

Question 11

addition of HCN conditions

Answer 11

aqeous

Question 12

Nitrile reagant

Answer 12

KCN and acid

Question 13

what happens in CN

Answer 13

CN adds onto the c=o C and H adds onto the O of the C=O

Question 14

Mechanism of CN

Answer 14

Question 15

Where does the CN and the H comes from

Answer 15

KCN and acid

Question 16

What is HCN

Answer 16

poisons

Question 17

hydronitriles

Answer 17

forms enantiomers with carbons with chiral centres. since c=o is planar cn can attach above or below the c=o so a racemic mixture forms