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000 Radiation Safety > SPECIAL - Radiation Safety > Flashcards

SPECIAL - Radiation Safety Flashcards

1
Q

X-ray tube leakage limit

A

<1 mGy per 1 hour at 1 meter

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2
Q

Average effective dose for PA + lateral chest x-ray

A

0.1 mSv

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3
Q

Average effective dose for mammography

A

0.4 mSv

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4
Q

Average effective dose for CT head

A

2 mSv

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5
Q

Average effective dose for CT chest

A

7 mSv

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6
Q

Average effective dose for CT abdomen wo

A

10 mSv

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7
Q

Average effective dose for nuclear stress test

A

10 mSv

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8
Q

Average effective dose for CTA chest

A

15 mSv

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9
Q

Average effective dose for CT abdomen w/wo

A

20 mSv

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10
Q

Threshold for temporary and permanent sterility (males)

A

2.5 and 5 Gy, respectively

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11
Q

Threshold for temporary and permanent sterility (females)

A

1.5 and 6 Gy, respectively

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12
Q

Spatial resolution for screen film mammo

A

13 lp/mm in parallel direction and 11 lp/mm in the perpendicular direction; relative to anode-cathode axis

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13
Q

Spatial resolution for digital mammo

A

7 lp/mm

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14
Q

Spatial resolution for screen film radiography

A

6 lp/mm

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15
Q

Spatial resolution for digital radiography

A

3 lp/mm

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16
Q

Spatial resolution for fluoroscopy

A

2-3 lp/mm

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17
Q

Spatial resolution for ultrasound

A

2 lp/mm

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18
Q

Spatial resolution for CT

A

0.7 lp/mm

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19
Q

Spatial resolution for MRI

A

0.3 lp/mm

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20
Q

Spatial resolution for gamma camera

A

0.1 lp/mm

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21
Q

Modality soft tissue contrast (x-ray vs. mammo vs. CT vs. MRI)

A

MRI > CT > mammography > general radiography

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22
Q

Radiographic units operated above 70 kVp should have total filtration of at least… (aluminum equivalent)

A

2.5 mm

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23
Q

Fetal absorbed dose of 10 mGy increases risk of childhood cancer by…

A

3.5x (per QEVLAR)

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24
Q

Average glandular dose for single image of breast phantom (with grid)

A

<3 mGy (applies to phantom, not actual patients)

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25
Q

Average glandular dose for single image of breast phantom (no grid)

A

<1 mGy (applies to phantom, not actual patients)

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26
Q

Effect of lead apron

A

0.5 mm Pb stops 95% of radiation (or 99% per Ram)

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27
Q

Lead should be worn if within…

A

6 feet

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28
Q

Federal regulation for entrance skin dose rate (fluoro)

A

cannot exceed 88 mGy/min (measured at 30 cm from detector surface)

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29
Q

Federal regulation for high level control entrance skin dose rate (fluoro)

A

cannot exceed 176 mGy/min (measured at 30 cm from detector surface); must have an audible alarm

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30
Q

Personnel dose standing 1 meter from patient

A

1/1000 of patient dose

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31
Q

Joint commission sentinel event (fluoro)

A

cumulative dose of 15 Gy or more to a single field; requires root-cause analysis and visit by JC inspector

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32
Q

Entrance air kerma limit for DSA

A

no limit for DSA

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33
Q

Air kerma relates to which risk type?

A

deterministic risk (CAK does too)

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34
Q

Kerma air product relates to which risk type?

A

stochastic risk

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35
Q

KERMA (meaning)

A

Kinetic Energy Release per unit MAss

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36
Q

Typical entrance dose rate (fluoro)

A

30 mGy/min

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37
Q

CTDI is over or under-estimated for obese patients?

A

over-estimated

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38
Q

CTDI is over or under-estimated for pediatric patients?

A

under-estimated

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39
Q

What is a CTDIvol reference dose?

A

set by ACR (75th percentile), if above should be investigated

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40
Q

Risk of radiation-induced cancer (adults)

A

5% per Sv (1/10 for patients >50 y/o)

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41
Q

Risk of radiation-induced cancer (peds)

A

15% per Sv

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42
Q

“Image Gently”

A

pediatric dose reduction campaign for CT

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43
Q

“Step Lightly”

A

pediatric dose reduction campaign for IR

44
Q

“Pause and Pulse”

A

pediatric dose reduction campaign for fluoro

45
Q

“Image Wisely”

A

adult counterpart to pediatric campaign

46
Q

Fetal dose in CT abdomen/pelvis

47
Q

Dose for stochastic effects in pregnancy

A

> 25 mGy (increase in risk of childhood cancer by 1%)

48
Q

Dose for deterministic effects in pregnancy

49
Q

Dose for fetal death in pregnancy

A

> 100 mGy; only applicable <14 days post-conception

50
Q

CTDIvol reference dose for adult head CT (per ACR)

A

75 mGy; doses above this need to be investigated

51
Q

CTDIvol reference dose for adult abd/pelvis CT (per ACR)

A

25 mGy; doses above this need to be investigated

52
Q

CTDIvol reference dose for peds abd/pelvis CT (per ACR)

A

20 mGy; doses above this need to be investigated

53
Q

Fetal radiation dose for consideration of pregnancy termination

A

> 50 mGy between weeks 2-15

54
Q

ALARA prefers increasing power or gain? (US)

A

gain (no extra energy imparted to patient)

55
Q

TI for OB imaging

56
Q

TI where US should not exceed 30 min

57
Q

TI where US should not exceed 1 min

58
Q

TI where US should not be used

59
Q

FDA limits for MI

A

1.9 for an adult, 1.0 for OB

60
Q

All US equipment required to display TI and MI by who?

61
Q

Risk-benefit discussion required at what TI and MI?

A

TI >1.0 and MI >0.5

62
Q

SAR limits (MRI)

A

3 W/kg per 15 min for head and 4 W/kg per 15 min for body (per FDA)

63
Q

Average annual dose per person in the US

A

6 mSv (3 mSv from medical sources, 3 mSv from background)

64
Q

Threshold for radiation symptoms in majority of population

A

1 Gy (usually mild nausea or anorexia)

65
Q

Cataracts dose

66
Q

Transient erythema dose

A

2 Gy (Ram says 2-5 Gy)

67
Q

Temporary epilation dose

A

3 Gy (Ram say 5-10 Gy)

68
Q

Chronic erythema dose

69
Q

Permanent epilation dose

A

7 Gy (Ram says 10-15 Gy)

70
Q

Telangiectasia dose

71
Q

Dry desquamation dose

A

13 Gy (Ram says 10-15 Gy)

72
Q

Moist desquamation dose

A

18 Gy (Ram says >15 Gy)

73
Q

Secondary ulceration dose

74
Q

Two largest sources of radiation exposure in medical imaging

A

CT > nuclear medicine

75
Q

Fetal dose threshold with essentially no risk of birth defects, mental retardation, or fetal death (deterministic effects)

76
Q

Fetal iodine uptake onset

A

8-10 weeks

77
Q

Effective dose from background radiation in the US per year

A

3 mSv/year

78
Q

Radiation personnel whole body dose limit

A

50 mSv/year

79
Q

Radiation personnel eye dose limit

A

150 mSv/year

80
Q

Radiation personnel target organ dose limit

A

500 mSv/year

81
Q

Pregnant radiation worker dose limit

A

5 mSv or 0.5 mSv/month after declaring pregnancy

82
Q

Radiation dose limit for members of the public

A

1 mSv/year (effective dose)

83
Q

Minor (<18 y/o) radiation worker dose limit

A

10% of adult limits

84
Q

Individual dose monitoring required when occupational dose is likely to exceed…

A

10% of the annual dose limit

85
Q

Radiation dose rate for unrestricted areas

A

<0.02 mSv/hour; should be surveyed weekly with ionization chamber

86
Q

Radiation dose rate for restricted areas

A

> 0.02 mSv/hour; should be surveyed daily with ionization chamber

87
Q

Whole body dose threshold for cerebral edema + time of onset

A

100 Gy, time of onset is 1 day

88
Q

Whole body dose threshold for GI failure + time of onset

A

10 Gy, time of onset is 1 week

89
Q

Whole body dose threshold for hematopoietic failure + time of onset

A

5 Gy, time of onset is 1 fortnight (2 weeks)

90
Q

Increased risk of fatal cancer with 20 mSv of effective dose

A

1/1000 risk of fatal cancer (Ram)

91
Q

Most radiosensitive organs

A

gonads (testes/ovaries) > breasts > red marrow, lungs, GI tract; per NRC

92
Q

Most radioresistant organs

A

muscle, brain, spinal cord

93
Q

Linear no-threshold model

A

cancer risk increases proportionally with radiation dose (even with the smallest doses)

94
Q

Threshold model

A

smallest doses below a threshold present no cancer risk

95
Q

Hormesis model

A

low doses of radiation decrease cancer risk, despite higher doses increasing risk

96
Q

Linear no-threshold model is used for all solid tumors except…

A

leukemia (uses linear quadratic model)

97
Q

LD 50/60 meaning + dose

A

lethal dose for 50% of the population within 60 days; 4 Gy

98
Q

Radiation worker exposure limits are covered in CFR ___

99
Q

Purpose of ACR relative radiation levels

A

used to estimate radiation risk of an exam

100
Q

ACR relative radiation level: O

101
Q

ACR relative radiation level: ☢

A

<0.1 mSv (peds <0.03 mSv)

102
Q

ACR relative radiation level: ☢☢

A

0.1-1 mSv (peds 0.03-0.3 mSv)

103
Q

ACR relative radiation level: ☢☢☢

A

1-10 mSv (peds 0.3-3 mSv)

104
Q

ACR relative radiation level: ☢☢☢☢

A

10-30 mSv (peds 3-10 mSv)

105
Q

ACR relative radiation level: ☢☢☢☢☢

A

30-100 mSv (peds 10-30 mSv)

106
Q

Deterministic vs. stochastic effects

A

deterministic effects require a threshold to be met; stochastic effects are dose-dependent

000 Radiation Safety (71 decks)

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