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000 Radiation Safety > Dose Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation > Flashcards

Dose Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

In order to minimize the risk of harmful biologic effects exposure of the general public, patients, and radiation workers to ionizing radiation must be limited. For this reason,

A

scientists have developed occupational and nonoccupational effective dose limits (EfD) and equivalent dose (EqD) limits for tissue and organs, such as lens of eye, skin, hands and feet.

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2
Q

An effective dose (EfD) limiting system:

A

The current method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public. It is a set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculationsof the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation.

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3
Q

The effective dose (EfD) limiting system has been incorporated into Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 20, a document prepared and distributed by the U.S. Office of the Federal Register. The rules and regulations of the __________________ are included in this document.

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and fundamental radiation protection standards governing occupational radiation exposure

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4
Q

The basis for the effective dose (EfD) limiting system:

A

The concept of radiation exposure and the associated risk of radiation-induced malignancy.

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5
Q

Reasons why medical imaging professionals must be familiar with previous, existing, and new guidelines for radiation safety:

A

They share the responsibility for patient safety from radiation exposure.
They are subject to radiation exposure in the performance of their duties

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6
Q

Four major organizations are responsible for evaluating the relationship between radiation EqD and induced biologic effects. They are also concerned with formulating risk estimates of somatic and genetic effects of irradiation:

A
  1. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)2. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
  2. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
  3. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR)
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7
Q

What is the function of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)?

A

Evaluates information on biologic effects of radiation and provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits.

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8
Q

What is the function of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)?

A

Reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendations in U.S. radiation protection criteria.

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9
Q

What is the function of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)?

A

Evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiological data and research conclusions; provides information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation.

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10
Q

What is the function of The National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR)?

A

Reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation.

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11
Q

Which group, founded in 1928, is the international authority on the safe use of ionizing radiation, is responsible for providing clear and consistent radiation protection guidance through its recommendation for occupational and public dosed limits, and publishes Annals of their organization?

A

ICRP, which only makes recommendations. It does NOT function as an enforcement agency.

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12
Q

Which group is a U.S. nongovernmental, nonprofit, private corporation, chartered by Congress in 1964 whose duties include:
Formulating general recommendations
Publishing their recommendations in their reports

A

NCRP. Also not an enforcement agency.

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13
Q

Which group, established in 1955, plays a role in formulation of radiation protection guidelines, and provides information to organizations such as ICRP for evaluation?

A

UNSCEAR

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14
Q

Which group reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment, studies effects of groups of people accidently exposed to ionizing radiation (early radiation workers, atomic bomb victims, evacuees from Chernobyl) and is an advisory agency?

A

NAS/NRC-BEIR

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15
Q

Limits on radiation exposure are established by congressional act or state mandates and are based on

A

the recommendations made by ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR, NAS/NRC-BEIR

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16
Q

______ are responsible for enforcing standards for radiation exposure after they have been established.

A

National and state agencies

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17
Q

After protection standards have been determined, responsible agencies must enforce them for the protection of the general public, patients, and occupationally exposed personnel and include the following:

A
  1. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
  2. Agreement States
  3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  5. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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18
Q

Federal agency that has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security.

Also has power to enforce radiation protection standards but does not regulate or inspect x-ray imaging facilities

Main function is to oversee nuclear energy industry

A

NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)

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19
Q

NRC controls the manufacture and use of radioactive substances formed in nuclear reactors and used in:

A

Research
Nuclear medicine procedures
Therapeutic treatment (prostate cancer radioactive seed implants and Iodine-131 used for the treatment of thyroid cancer)
Industry

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20
Q

The NRC licenses users of radioactive materials and makes periodic unannounced inspections to determine compliance. Two common examples:

A

Thallium 201 – used in nuclear medicine for heart stress tests
Palladium-103 – used for therapeutic prostate seed implants.

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21
Q

NRC writes standards that are presented as rules and regulations. They are published in

A

Title 10 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.

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22
Q

NRC has the authority to enter into written contract with state governments. The agreement permits the state to

A

undertake the responsibility of licensing and regulating the use of radioisotopes and other certain radioactive materials within that state.

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23
Q

Most states in US have entered into “agreements” with NRC to assume responsibility for enforcing radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments—known as

A

agreement states

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24
Q

In Nonagreement states, ________enforce radiation protection regulations by sending agents to health care facilities.

A

both the state and the NRC

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25
Q

Established in 1970

Created to bring several agencies under one organization that would be responsible for protecting health of human beings and for safeguarding natural environment.

Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment
Directs federal agencies
Oversees the general area of environmental monitoring
Has the authority for specific areas such as determining the action level for radon.

A

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

26
Q

_____ is the lead federal agency for responding to international emergencies involving radioactive materials, such as the accident at Chernobyl.

A

The EPA

27
Q

____ provides guidance and training to other federal and state agencies in preparing for emergencies at U.S. nuclear plants, transportation accidents involving shipments of radioactive materials, and acts of nuclear terrorism.

A

The EPA

28
Q

Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products, including diagnostic x-ray machines.

To determine level of compliance, ____ conducts on-site inspections of x-ray equipment, especially mammography units. Compliance ensures the protection of occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed persons from faulty manufacturing

A

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

29
Q

Functions as monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry

Regulates occupational exposure to radiation

It is responsible for regulations concerning an employee’s “Right to know” with regard to hazards that may be present in the workplace.
Hazardous substances
Infectious agents
Ionizing radiation
Nonionizing radiation

The act requires employers to evaluate their workplace for hazardous agents and to provide training and written information to their employees. They also regulate training in the workplace

A

OSHA

30
Q

Facilities providing imaging services must have an effective and detailed radiation safety program to ensure adequate safety of patients and radiation workers

Implementation of effective program:
The administration of facility must provide resources necessary for creating and maintaining program. To maintain program:

A
  1. Delegate operational funds in the budget
  2. Oversee the development of policies and procedures
  3. Provide the equipment necessary for starting and continuing the program
31
Q

Group that assists in the development of the radiation safety program in the health care facility; provides guidance for the program and facilitates ongoing operation

A

RSC (Radiation Safety Commission)

32
Q

medical physicist, health physicist, radiologist, or other individual qualified through adequate training and experience. It is the responsibility of this person to ensure the internationally accepted guidelines for radiation protection are followed in the facility

A

Radiation safety officer (RSO)

33
Q

RSO is designated by the health care facility and approved by the NRC and state to:

A

Oversee the program’s daily operation

Provide the formal review of the program each year

34
Q

Responsibilities of RSO:

A

Management of facility must grant the RSO the authority necessary to implement and enforce the policies of the radiation safety program.
RSO reviews and maintains radiation-monitoring records for all personnel and be available to provide counseling for individuals (e.g., monitor readings in excess of allowable limits

35
Q

Required Training and Experience for a Radiation Safety Officer:

Described in the Code of Federal Regulations and an NRC publication. Three training pathways

A
  1. Certification by one of the professional boards approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commision.
  2. Didactic and work experience as described in detail in the regulations.
  3. Identification as an authorized user, authorized medical physicist, or authorized nuclear physicist on the license, with experience in the types of uses for which the individual has radiation safety officer responsibilities.
36
Q

Code of Federal Regulations requires the licensee provide the RSO:

A

Sufficient authority
Organizational freedom
Management prerogative to perform certain duties

37
Q

Duties of the RSO:

A
  1. Identify radiation safety problems.
  2. Initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action.
  3. Stop unsafe operations involving by-product material.
  4. Verify implementation of corrective actions.
38
Q

NRC requires ________ on the facility’s radioactive material license to ensure a qualified person can interact with the NRC during inspections and also concerning inquiries about the facility’s safety program.

A

the name of the RSO

39
Q

Public Law 90-602

Passed by Congress in 1968 to protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation resulting from

A

electronic products such as microwaves and color TVs. Diagnostic x-ray equipment was included.

40
Q

Health and Safety Act of 1968 permitted the establishment of

A

Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)

41
Q

Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)

Was known as _______________until 1982

A

the Bureau of Radiological Health

42
Q

CDRH falls under jurisdiction of

A

the FDA

43
Q

Health and Safety Act of 1968 Responsible for

A

conducting ongoing electronic product radiation control program. Includes setting up standards for the manufacture, installation, assembly and maintenance of machines for radiologic procedures

44
Q

Further responsibilities: of the health and safety act of 1968:

A

Assessing biologic effects of ionizing radiation
Evaluating radiation emissions from electronic products in general
Conducting research to reduce radiation exposure

45
Q

Code of Standards for Diagnostic X-Ray Equipment went into effect:

A

August 1, 1974

46
Q

Code of Standards for Diagnostic X-Ray Equipment applies to:

A

complete systems and major components manufactured after August 1, 1974

47
Q

Code of Standards for Diagnostic X-Ray Equipment

A

Strictly an equipment performance standard.

48
Q

Who started the ALARA concept and when?

A

NCRP in 1954

49
Q

NCRP in 1987 described ALARA concept as

A

“the continuation of good radiation protection programs and practices which traditionally have been effective in keeping the average and individual exposures for monitored workers well below the limit”

50
Q

ALARA is synonymous with the term __________ in accordance with ICRP publications.

A

“optimization”

51
Q

In keeping with ALARA philosophy, health care facilities usually adopt investigation levels, defined as level I and level II. In the U.S. these levels are traditionally

A

one tenth to three tenths the applicable regulatory limits

52
Q

ALARA concept presents a conservative model with respect to relationship between radiation exposure and potential risk.

The relationship is

A

linear and non threshold. In the interest of safety, risk of injury should be overestimated.

53
Q

FDA supports the premise that “each patient should get `

A

the right imaging exam, at the right time, with the right radiation dose”

This is stated in the FDA document known as the “White Paper”, published in February 2010.

54
Q

Food and Drug Administration White Paper FDA intends to take action to:

A
  1. “Promote safe use of medical imaging devices”
  2. “Support informed clinical decision”
  3. “Increase patient awareness”
55
Q

The goal of the FDA White Paper is:

A

to “optimize patient exposure to radiation from certain types of medical exams, and thereby reduce related risks while maximizing the benefits of these studies”

56
Q

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 Title IX of Public Law 97-35 provides federal legislation requiring

A

the establishment of minimal standards for the accreditation of education programs for persons who perform radiologic procedures and the certification of such persons.

57
Q

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 Individual states are encouraged to enact similar statutes and administer certification and accreditation programs based on these standards, however:

A

No legal penalty exists for noncompliance so many states have not responded with appropriate legislation.

58
Q

NCRP Report No. 116, Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, provides most recent guidance on radiation protection.

States the goal of radiation protection as follows:

A

“to prevent the occurrence of serious radiation-induces conditions (acute and chronic deterministic effects) in exposed persons and to reduce stochastic effects in exposed persons to a degree that is acceptable in relation to the benefits to the individual and to society from the activities that generate such exposures”

59
Q

There are two categories of radiation-induced responses of concern in radiation protection programs:

A
  1. Deterministic effects

2. Stochastic (probabilistic) effects

60
Q
  1. Deterministic effects:
A

Biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received. They exhibit a threshold dose below which the response does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases as the dose increases.

61
Q

Deterministic effects usually occur only after ___________, however,they could also result from _____________.

A

high doses of radiation. / long-term individual low doses of radiation sustained over several years.

000 Radiation Safety (71 decks)

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