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000 Radiation Safety > History of Radiobiology > Flashcards

History of Radiobiology Flashcards

1
Q

The first American organization regarding radiation included physicians, surgeons, dentists, x-ray authors, inventors, investors, electricians, chemists, and physics teachers. Name it.

A

Roentgen Society of the U.S.

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2
Q

Besides uneven leg lengths in children, infertility and other female difficulties, name a few of the other aliments treated by radiation therapy before World War II.

A

Arthritis, infections, pulmonary problems, hay fever, nose bleeds, and thyroid

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3
Q

State the exposure time range for the shoe fitting fluoroscopy

A

5 - 45 seconds; 20 seconds most common

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4
Q

Discovered natural radioactivity in 1896

A

Antoine Becquerel

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5
Q

Known as the “Forgotten Man” of radiobiology. Did not receive a Noble Prize like Roentgen, the Curies, Becquerel, and Rutherford.

A

Paul Villard

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6
Q

In the Spanish-American War, a low mortality rate resulted due to the use of x-rays and the resulting treatment. What percentage of American soldiers recovered from their wounds?

A

In 1896, places where people made appointments to have independent operators take their radiographs.

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7
Q

Until the 1960’s, radiation therapy treated many types of aliments. What forms of treatment replaced radiation?

A

Penicillin, sulfa drugs, and antibiotics

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8
Q

Discovered x-rays in 1895

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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9
Q

In what war was shoe fluoroscopy first used on wounded soldiers to expedite the exam and make a quicker diagnosis?

A

World War I (WWI)

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10
Q

Hand became the first roentgenogram. Stated that it was like “looking at death.”

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s wife

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11
Q

Radium laced water stored in a large pottery crock lined with lead was advertised as a means to increasing general health and well-being. What was this device known as?

A

Revigorator

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12
Q

Name the purpose of the National council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP)?

A

Provide education and recommendations to radiation users

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13
Q

Name the organization that sets the standards of practice, radiation protection, and public health used by many radiologists today.

A

American College of Radiology (ACR)

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14
Q

Although Picker supplied all equipment and parts, enlisted men were trained to work on all types of equipment including installation, dismantling, and transporting. Name this war.

A

World War II

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15
Q

Name the person who promoted the use of x-rays for a variety of medical problems and co-authored the first American textbook.

A

Francis Williams

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16
Q

Because many of the early technologists received little formal training, from what careers or background did many of them come from?

A

Photographers or electricians

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17
Q

Name Thomas Edison’s assistant who helped in the manufacturing of x-ray tubes, was exposed to a high amount of radiation, and eventually died from metastatic skin cancer after suffering amputation of the arms to the shoulders.

A

Clarence Dally

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18
Q

At one time it was believed that the interaction of x-rays with the skin, unwanted particles from exposure, and the electricity used to make the exposure were all probably causes of what?

A

Radiation burns

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19
Q

Many people believed x-rays were harmless and blamed other causes. Name some of these.

A

X-ray allergy, heat, moisture, chemical reaction

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20
Q

Who is responsible for the first textbook published in North America?

A

United States Army

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21
Q

William Rollins experiments on guinea pigs with radiation over-exposure led to two conclusions. What are they?

A

X-rays lethal to healthy person; should not be used on pregnant women

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22
Q

How was radiology used in the art world?

A

Identify art forgeries of paintings, sculptures, pottery, & stamps

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23
Q

How many exposures per year were children limited to in an effort to prohibit overuse of shoe-fitting fluoroscopy?

A

12

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24
Q

Experimented with radiation and diamonds, thus laying the foundation for today’s TLD dosimeters

A

Marie Curie

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25
Q

State the technical factors used with shoe fluoroscopy.

A

50 kVp & 3-8 mA along with 3 different intensities (high, medium, low)

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26
Q

Father of Nuclear Physics

A

Ernest Rutherford

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27
Q

Once represented all national radiology organizations in the U.S. on a scientific basis before Congress reorganized and renamed it.

A

Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radiation Protection

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28
Q

Name some common radium consumer products.

A

Toothpaste, bath salts, linens, spas, drinks, and suppositories

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29
Q

Named the person who made available the first commercially produced fluoroscope.

A

Thomas Edison

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30
Q

Involving a boy falling out of a tree and a misdiagnosis by a surgeon, this became the first civil case in the U.S. involving radiographs.

A

Smith vs. Grant

31
Q

Whose death was the first one to be directly linked to radiation exposure?

A

Clarence Dally

32
Q

The first criminal case involved identifying the caliber of a bullet using radiology. Name the case.

A

Haynes murder trail

33
Q

Name the two episodes involving man-made radiation that resulted in exposing numerous individuals to extreme amounts of exposure.

A

World War II atomic bombs; Chernobyl

34
Q

Name the signs and symptoms of radiation overexposure.

A

Skin redness, infection, epilation, pain, and lesions.

35
Q

Who is noted as “America’s First Radiologist?”

A

Francis Williams

36
Q

Edison tested over 8,000 substances to find this substance necessary to increase the fluoresce of a fluoro screen.

A

Calcium tungstate

37
Q

World War I saw a dramatic increase in the use of radiology. What two new inventions resulted?

A

X-ray table with 2 removable tops; portable x-ray field unit

38
Q

What symbol in Hamburg, Germany honors the men and women who sacrificed and often died experimenting with radiation?

A

Martyrs Memorial

39
Q

For the first time, World War II applicants to the military had to undergo a pre-entrance physical which included a __________________.

A

Chest x-ray

40
Q

World War II required a preliminary x-ray of the chest and intense training of radiologists and technologists. Name two other items that made an appearance.

A

Mobile surgical hospital and standardized x-ray units

41
Q

Name the amount of exposure shoe clients were limited to when undergoing shoe fluoroscopy.

A

2 Roentgens per 5 second exposure

42
Q

Name some common uranium consumer products.

A

Medicines, salves, comforters, and nicotine controllers.

43
Q

What was the purpose of using leather discs soaked in water?

A

Leather filters were used to eliminate soft rays that would be absorbed

44
Q

Long exposure times, short SOD of 10 inches, and successive exposure of wounded soldiers resulted in __________.

A

Severe radiation burns. This led to exposure guidelines.

45
Q

Who is known as the “Father of Radiation Protection?”

A

William Rollins

46
Q

Name the x-ray martyr who took a 6-month electrical science course, borrowed money from a family member to buy an x-ray unit, and then preceded to do extensive experiments with radiation in dental work and radiation therapy. Extensive amputation did not stop the spread of cancer and death resulted.

A

Elizabeth Ascheim

47
Q

How long did it take to disassemble the portable x-ray field unit used during World War I?

A

3 minutes

48
Q

Believed radioactivity may be a cure for cancer

A

Pierre Curie

49
Q

Trained women to take radiographs during World War I. (WWI)

A

Marie Curie

50
Q

Women painting clocks and instrument dials with luminous paint containing radium often developed ______________________________ of the jaw.

A

Lesions and tumors

51
Q

Performed experiments with radioactive salts in Paris

A

Antoine Becquerel

52
Q

Name the criminal case using a radiologist as an expert witness.

A

Orme murder trial

53
Q

Experimented with uranium. Discovered alpha and beta particles, the proton of the atom, and the decay and half-life of a radioactive substance.

A

Ernest Rutherford

54
Q

William Fuchs was asked to attend a President dying from an assassination attempt. Although radiographs were never taken, who was this President?

A

President McKinley

55
Q

What killed the victim in the Orme murder trial?

A

Radiography involving a 35 minutes exposure

56
Q

Applied electrical engineering knowledge to the equipment and the technical aspect of radiology to obtain outstanding images of gallstones, brain tumor, and aortic aneurysm.

A

Wolfram Fuchs

57
Q

Name the war in which Elizabeth Ascheim aided the military by radiographing soldiers with her own x-ray unit.

A

Spanish-American War

58
Q

Radium 226 was given to patients suffering from this aliment.

A

Arthritis

59
Q

World’s largest credentialing organization that ensures quality patient care along with continual education after certification.

A

American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)

60
Q

What does the most recent radiation warning symbol have on it?

A

Skull & crossbows, radiating radiation, and a person running away

61
Q

What did the early technologists use to monitor personal radiation exposure?

A

Radiographic plate in pocket.

62
Q

Name the early pioneer who made recommendations towards radiation safety such as lead around the tube, using smallest dose possible, radio-opaque glasses, positioning tube 1 meter away from patient, shielding workers, and collimation.

A

William Rollins

63
Q

Who was believed to be more sensitive to possible radiation burns, fair or dark skin?

A

Fair skin

64
Q

Although his hands exhibited signs of radiation overexposure, he continued to document and write papers on his degeneration. He was also a strong supporter of x-ray usage although he recommended limited exposure times.

A

Mihran Kassabian

65
Q

Discovered gamma rays and that magnetic and electric fields have not impact on them.

A

Paul Villard

66
Q

Who was known as an inventor who designed x-ray tubes and other accessories for his brother-in-law, Dr. Williams?

A

William Rollins

67
Q

Describe the first radiation warning symbol.

A

Magenta propeller on a blue background.

68
Q

Why was the radiation warning symbol changed in 2007?

A

Children and uneducated people not recognize warning

69
Q

First person to receive 2 noble prizes.

A

Marie Curie

70
Q

The 1920’s established the roentgen as the unit for exposure. It also implemented the first daily dose limit. What was it?

A

.2 Rem/day

71
Q

Worked in an old leaky shed behind a university boiling pitchblende to obtain radium. Notebooks documenting experiments are radioactive and kept in lead lined boxes.

A

Pierre and Marie Curie

72
Q

After viewing the anatomy on the radiographic plates and making a diagnosis, how did the early radiologists determine if they were correct?

A

1) Attend pt’s surgery or autopsy

2) Learn true diagnosis

73
Q

Name the person who received a skin burn from carrying radium in their pocket

A

Antoine Becquerel

74
Q

In 1896, places where people made appointments to have independent operators take their radiographs.

A

Roentgen Studios

000 Radiation Safety (71 decks)

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