Protection of Patients

Question 1

Persons are medically exposed as part of their

Answer 1

diagnosis or

treatment

Question 2

Basic Principles of Radiation Protection which can be applied:

Answer 2

Principles of Justification

Optimization (ICRP and BSS)

Question 3

Dose limits are not applicable, but ____ apply to patient dose levels

Answer 3

Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)

Question 4

Investigation of doses that exceed the DRLs is

Answer 4

strongly recommended

Question 5

principally the exposure of persons as part of their diagnosis or patient

Answer 5

Medical Exposure

Question 6

incurred at work, and practically as result of work

Answer 6

Occupational Exposure

Question 7

including all other exposure

Answer 7

Public Exposure

Question 8

Exposures incurred knowingly and willingly by individuals such as family and close friends helping either in hospital or at home in the support and comfort of patients

Answer 8

Medical Exposure

Question 9

Exposures incurred by volunteers as part of a program of

Answer 9

biomedical research (Medical Exposure)

Question 10

Framework of Radiological Protection for Medical Exposure

Answer 10

Justification
Optimization
Use of dose limits is not applicable

Question 11

Dose constraints and Diagnostic Reference Levels are

Answer 11

recommended

Question 12

decision to adopt or continue any human activity involves a review of benefits and disadvantages of the possible options

Answer 12

Justification of a Practice

Question 13

most of the assessments needed for justification of a practice are made on the

Answer 13

basis of experience
professional judgement
common sense

Question 14

use of radiation in medicine is accepted as doing good than harm

Answer 14

general level

Question 15

specific procedure with a specific objective ex. chest radiograph for patients showing relevant symptoms

Answer 15

generic level

Question 16

the application of the procedure to an individual person

Answer 16

third level

Question 17

once the procedure is generically justified,

Answer 17

no additional justification is needed for simple diagnostic investigations

Question 18

usually applied at two levels

Answer 18

optimization

Question 19

optimization usually applied at two levels

Answer 19

design and construction of equipment installations

day to day radiological practice (procedure)

Question 20

may reduce the quantity as well as the quality of the information provided by the examination

Answer 20

reducing the patient dose

Question 21

means that doses should be “as low as reasonably achievable”, compatible with achieving the required image quality objectives

Answer 21

optimization

Question 22

there is a considerable scope for dose reductions in diagnostic radiology (ICRP 103)

Answer 22

optimization of protection

Question 23

simple, low-cost measures are available for reducing doses without loss of diagnostic information (ICRP 103)

Answer 23

optimization of protection

Question 24

optimization of protection in diagnostic radiology does not necessarily mean ____

Answer 24

the reduction of doses to the patient

Question 25

improve the contrast of the image but increase the dose by a factor of 2-4

Answer 25

Anti-scatter grids

Question 26

radiologic activities are geared towards

Answer 26

minimizing the radiation exposure of radiologic personnel | minimizing radiation dose to patients during x-ray examination

Question 27

monitoring of radiation dose/exposure for radiologist ad rad tech

Answer 27

occupational radiation monitors

Question 28

monitoring of radiation dose/exposure for patient dose

Answer 28

estimated using phantoms and test objects in simulation

Question 29

if ____ are adopted, occupational radiation exposure and patient dose can be kept acceptable low

Answer 29

radiation control procedures

Question 30

the frequency of x-ray examination is increasing among all age group at a rate of

Answer 30

approx. 18% per year in the united states

Question 31

these are of concern in the increasing risk of Medical Exposure

Answer 31

acute effects on superficial tissues after angiointerventional procedures possible late effects of diagnostic xray exposure

Question 32

according IAEA these may unnecessarily expose patients to increased radiation levels

Answer 32

overuse of high-tech scanning procedures

Question 33

annual meeting of European Radiation Dosimetry Group

Answer 33

EURADOS

Question 34

in cancer care, ensuring that the right dose of radiation targets the tumor

Answer 34

without doing damage to neighboring cells is utmost importance

Question 35

optimization of patient radiation protection requires

Answer 35

periodic evaluation of doses | image quality

Question 36

Rad tech should be aware of the interdependence between

Answer 36

technical factors dose image quality

Question 37

periodic measurement of the ____ and the comparison with the ____ will permit the detection of changes due to equipment or radiographers

Answer 37

entrance patient dose | diagnostic reference levels

Question 38

a value of dose, dose rate or activity selected by professional bodies in consultation with the regulatory authority to indicate a level above which there should be a review .....

Answer 38

diagnostic reference levels

Question 39

diagnostic reference levels are intended:

Answer 39

- to be reasonable indication of doses for average size patient - to be established by relevant professional bodies in consultation with the regulatory authority - to proved guidance on what is achievable with current good practice ... - to be applied with flexibility to allow higher exposures... - to be revised as technology and techniques improve

Question 40

corrective actions should be taken as necessary if doses or activities ____ the DRLs and ____

Answer 40

fall substantially below | images do not provide adequate clinical image quality

Question 41

in general radiography and fluoroscopy with xray mobile equipment, the source-to-skin distance should

Answer 41

not be less than 30cm

Question 42

in radiography and fluoroscopy with fixed equipment, the source-to-skin distance should

Answer 42

not be lower than 45cm

Question 43

fluoroscopy equipment without image intensifiers

Answer 43

must be replaced

Question 44

Evaluation include both

Answer 44

image quality | patient dose

Question 45

all xray equipment must conform to applicable standards of the __

Answer 45

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ISO equivalent national standards

Question 46

adequate filtration in general radiology

Answer 46

2.5mm Al

Question 47

significantly reduces the patient dose due to low energy xrays which do not contribute to the image formation

Answer 47

adequate filtration

Question 48

added filtration should be check for maintenance by

Answer 48

half value layer

Question 49

filtration for mammography

Answer 49

0.03mm thickness of Molybdenum

Question 50

this should be available for fluoroscopic examinations to allow measurement of the elapsed fluoroscopic exposure time

Answer 50

timer

Question 51

fluoroscopy should be controlled with a

Answer 51

dead man switch

Question 52

when using mobile radiographic equipment ___ is needed

Answer 52

high instantaneous electric power supply

Question 53

to avoid retakes in mobile radiographic equipment

Answer 53

battery is fully charged

Question 54

use of appropriate screen-film combination

Answer 54

"fastest" to assure lowest patient dose

Question 55

results in significant patient dose reductions

Answer 55

use of cassettes, grids, and tables of carbon fiber material

Question 56

the patient entance air kerma rate should not exceed

Answer 56

50mGy/min

Question 57

it is advisable ___ compatible with the image to minimized patient dose

Answer 57

highest kvp (lowest mAs)

Question 58

should be used when imaging non-cooperative patients

Answer 58

short exposure times

Question 59

patient should wear ____ when gonads are expose

Answer 59

gonadal shielding

Question 60

should be related to the level of risk

Answer 60

communication

Question 61

if a fetal dose are ____ , more detailed explanation may be necessary

Answer 61

above 1 mGy

Question 62

for pregnant women ___ are preferable to minimize the uterus dose

Answer 62

PA abdominal projections

Question 63

for skull examinations, eye lenses are better protected in

Answer 63

PA projection

Question 64

should be used for scoliosis imaging to minimize breast dose

Answer 64

PA projections

Question 65

CT examinations should be done with the ___

Answer 65

minimum possible number of slices

Question 66

fluoroscopy times should be

Answer 66

minimized