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WOP & SP DTI > SP lecture 5&6 > Flashcards

SP lecture 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

ABC of attitudes-> tripartite model

A
  • affective = feelings about object
  • behaviour = actions towards object
  • cognitive = knowledge about object
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2
Q

how do we evaluate attributions

A
  • consistency
  • primacy of negative info
  • accessibility
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3
Q

attitude objects

A

people, social groups, objects, ourself

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4
Q

2 reasons why we form attitudes

A
  • mastery: knowledge simplication (bv Iphone = goed), instrumental value
  • connectedness: social identity, impression management
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5
Q

explicit attitude measurment (voorbeeld en - punten)

A
  • self report
  • social desirability, no introspection
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6
Q

implicit associations test meet…

A

conceptually: mental distance between target and attitude. but it actually measures reaction time.

congruent = faster reaction time than incongruent.

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7
Q

implicit associations test - punten

A
  • noisy
  • need to find the right stimuli
  • need to contrast categories
  • meet niet goed eigenlijk
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8
Q

facial electromyography

A

meet uncontrollable facial movements

maar:
-noisy
-cultural differences in muscle movement
-niet precise

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9
Q

fMRI op amygdala: meten fear (-punten)

A
  • niet precies
  • we do not know the brain that well
  • expensive
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10
Q

automatic vs controlled: which one is hot and cold>

A

automatic = hot
controlled = cold

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11
Q

associative, heuristics and analytical: waar horen ze bij?

A

associative = mere exposure
heuristics = superficial
analytical = systematic

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12
Q

subliminal priming experiment chinese signs:

A

like it better when a smiling woman occured, then butter, then angry woman

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13
Q

andere naam voor heuristics

A

cognitive shortcuts

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14
Q

attitude change or formation is influenced by

A

source - who
medium - how
message - what

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15
Q

the source: biases

A
  • expertise bias
  • attractiveness bias
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16
Q

the message: biases

A
  • meer info is meer geloven
  • availability heuristics
  • order effects:
    primacy effect vs recency effect
  • fear arousing
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17
Q

when does fear arousing work

A
  • moderate levels of fear
  • compared with good solution
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18
Q

systematic information processing theory

A

attention - understanding - elaboration (sterker maken!) - acceptance

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19
Q

when can we elaborate on attitudes?

A

If you are motivated
* Relevance of topic
* Mood
* Personality
* Need for cognition

geen motivatie als:
* you dont believe there is an issue
* you are not close to the topic
* happy people: less motivated

If you are capable
* Time pressure
* Distraction
* Lower resources in general

geen capable als:
* moeheid (representativeness heuristic: jess is a girl and jess likes taylor swift)
* scarcity mindset (luisteren naar sad music bij uncertain prime: minder boeken kopen, happy music juist meer. -> uncertain prime leidt dus tot de hele tijd twijfelen en attitude veranderen. bij certain prime bleef het hetzelfde)

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20
Q

we dont change attitudes when we…

A

▪ Ignore
▪ Reinterpret
▪ Resist
Especially LESS likely to change when we …
▪ Know a persuasion attempt is happening
▪ Process systematically
▫ Motivation
▫ Capacity

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21
Q

wanneer resistant to attitude change

A

van 18-25 minst resistent, na 25 resistant.

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22
Q

intelligence and attitude change

A

low iq = suggestible
high iq = less suggestible

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23
Q

Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, and Banaji (2009; GPUB hereafter) reported an average predictive
validity correlation of r .236 for Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures involving Black–White
racial attitudes and stereotypes. Oswald, Mitchell, Blanton, Jaccard, and Tetlock (2013; OMBJT)
reported a lower aggregate figure for correlations involving IAT measures (r .148). The difference
between the estimates of the 2 reviews was due mostly to their use of different policies for including
effect sizes. GPUB limited their study to findings that assessed theoretically expected attitude– behavior
and stereotype–judgment correlations along with others that the authors expected to show positive
correlations. OMBJT included a substantial minority of correlations for which there was no theoretical
expectation of a predictive relationship. Regardless of inclusion policy, both meta-analyses estimated
aggregate correlational effect sizes that were large enough to explain discriminatory impacts that are
societally significant either because they can affect many people simultaneously or because they can
repeatedly affect single persons.

A

oke

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24
Q

self-perception theory

A

people observe themselves to know what their attitudes are

-> especially for attitude formation!!

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25
Q

self-perception and attitude 2 voorbeelden

A
  • body movement (lichaam laat zien wat we ergens van vinden)
  • foot in the door
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26
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial expressions geven feedback -> hierdoor worden emoties nog sterker

27
Q

voorbeeld experiment facial feedback hypothesis

A

pen in mond tussen tanden -> cartoon leuker vinden dan pen met mond er rondom heen

28
Q

maar facial feedback hypothesis..

A

niet door science gesupport

29
Q

when does foot in the door work

A
  • first request meaningful en wel beetje effort
  • first request voluntary
  • limited cognitive processing = superficial!!
  • personal need for consistency
30
Q

self-perception influences attitudes when…

A

internal cues are ambiguous/weak/uninterpretable
weak attitudes

31
Q

applications of self-perception on marketing

A
  • free samples
  • writing slogan contest

-> want: ik gebruik het, dus dan vind ik het leuk

32
Q

change attitude after cognitive arousal when:

A

*Inconsistency is noticed
*Personal responsibility is high
*Unpleasant feeling(arousal) is present
*Arousal is attributed to inconsistency
*No alternative reduction strategy is presented

33
Q

lapiere research attitude and behaviour

A

LaPiere (1934), travelled with a Chinese
couple, They visited 67 hotels and 184 cafés
and restaurants.
*Afterwards LaPiere sent letters to these
establishments to ask them whether they
accepted Chinese as customers.

all restaurants served them (behaviour) but almost all said in the mail they would not (attitude)

34
Q

criticism la piere

A

*Were those receiving guests the same people
as those answering the letters?
*Time between attitudes and behaviour.
*Attitude measure about Chinese people,
behavioural measure about Caucasian man
with two Chinese people.
*“non-stereotypical”

35
Q

accessible attitudes reduce alertness

A

oke

36
Q

how do attitudes influence behaviour

A

via systematic processing!
- cost-benefit trade off
- intentions

37
Q

when do attitudes influence behaviour

A
  • self-awareness
  • milgrim paradigm (schokken geven)
38
Q

carter mirror experiment

A

Subjects, who on questionnaires had indicated that they opposed or condoned the use of punishment, were given the opportunity to shock a male confederate in two (bogus) learning experiments. Each subject was instructed to use his own attitude in choosing shocks to punish incorrect responses. Self-awareness was increased among half the subjects by the presence of a mirror. In each experiment a Punitiveness by self-awareness interaction resulted: High Punitive-Mirror subjects shocked higher than Low Punitive-Mirror subjects, but their respective No Mirror controls did not differ from each other.

dus mensen met mirror die een positieve attitude richting punishment hebben gaven hogere shocken dan mensen die negatieve attitude richting punishment hadden.
mensen zonder spiegel: geen verschil

39
Q

theory of planned behaviour

A

attitude + subjective norm + perceived behavioural control -> intention -> behaviour

40
Q

birth control experiment

A

birth control: minder mensen een attitude voor dan ‘the pill for the next 2 years’ -> dus specificity matters

41
Q

hoezo twee verschillende resultaten van meta analyses over IAT scores:

A

*Different studies and effects input
Greenwald et al., only included were they ”expected effects”

*Different statistical decisions
Splitting samples

*Missing moderators
Correspondence
Social sensitivity

42
Q

media 2 factoren

A
  • medium (how the message is conveyed)
  • message (content)
43
Q

but … the medium is the message!

A

want medium heeft evenveel invloed op message als de content.

tv = hot medium, heeft het hele plaatje
radio = cold, zelf dingen bij inbeelden

44
Q

wat zei mcluhan

A

media is not a communication channel, but an extension of the body -> net als streetlight, we kunnen nu veel meer met ons lichaam dan vroeger

45
Q

invloed van google op knowledge

A

misattribution of knowledge and overconfidence

46
Q

social perception 2 factoren verschillend

A
  • assimilation: judgement of the behaviour = standard
  • contrast: judgement of the behaviour = different
47
Q

self-discrepancy theory

A

difference between actual self and ideal & ought self

48
Q

hoe is self-regulation gerelateerd aan de self-discrepancy theory

A

door discrepancy tussen ideal and ought -> self regulation increases

49
Q

Effect of female-objectivating videos on ideal body weight
and actual-ideal discrepancy

A

occured only in women who score low on self-esteem

50
Q

how do we go against these self-discrepancy effects

A
  • more awareness (evolution video)
  • maar geen warnings, deze helpen juist tegen
51
Q

agenda setting effect

A

hoe meer exposure in media, hoe relevanter je het vind

52
Q

the news filter

A

if it bleeds it leads

53
Q

framing

A

fetus vs baby, associations met negatieve dingen

54
Q

positief effect van media =

A

persuasion knowledge (we weten dat veel nep is)

55
Q

meer entrophy leidt niet tot ..

A

meer usage, want limited capacity

56
Q

propoganda doel

A

verwarring creeren, what is the truth?

57
Q

fake news heuristics

A
  • familiarity
  • source
  • emotion
58
Q

active roles in media

A
  • denier
  • conspiracy theorist
  • alarmist
  • clickbait monger
59
Q

mcguires innoculation theory

A

exposure to a weakened version of persuasion leads to resistance for persuasion in the future

60
Q

why does innoculation work

A
  • threat (alarmbellen gaan af)
  • refutational preemption (provide arguments to help with refutation)

-> may lead to umbrella effect, for both refutation-same and refutation-different messages

61
Q

gamified exposure to persuasion

A

is minder geloven

62
Q

filter bubbles

A

alleen info te zien krijgen die consistent is met pre-existing attitudees
- individual (confirmation bias: cognitive and motivational principles)
-social (groep waar je in zit)
-technological (algorithms)

63
Q

degree of transportation leads to

A

less counter arguments = suspension of belief

WOP & SP DTI (17 decks)

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