Hot Topics SP Flashcards
Hot topics: can you judge a book by its cover?
studenten test judgen
students moesten een test maken, waarbij ze konden cheaten door langer door te werken dan 5 minuten. andere studenten moesten hen raten op basis van intelligence, extraversion en trustworthiness. Intelligence en extraversion werden goed geraden, maar trustworthiness niet! ze waren het wel met elkaar er over eens wie er trustworthy uit ziet, maar dit kwam niet overeen met of mensen hadden gecheat.
ook hadden ze gevonden dat de amygdala hierbij helpt met trustworthiness judgen
awareness of personal mortality as a psychological threat
mensen die reminded worden aan hun mortality -> gebruiken dan self-affirm als coping mechanism.
terror management theory: a reminder leads us to cope by reaffirming our most basic cultural worldviews, such as religious beliefs or views about what is most important in life.
kan leiden tot prosociaal gedrag, maar ook juist rejection for the defiant/different (divergent?)
stressful effects of cross-racial interactions
witte mensen die liever willen overkomen als non-prejudiced, hebben meer cortisol activiteit dan mensen die dit niet hebben, terwijl ze met een black american praatten. -> dus meer stress (long-term consequences?)
zelfde als cortisol meten in speeksel en vragenlijst over interracial contact: externally motivated individuals who had more interracial contact over the academic year showed cortisol patterns that diverged from what is typical and healthy at the end of that year.
intersections of race and gender categories
race stereotypes are mainly based on the male population of that subgroup.
intersectionality: found that stereotypes of ethnic groups and national groups (such as Spanish people) are usually very similar to stereotypes of men of that group (such as Spanish men). In contrast, stereotypes of women of various ethnicities or nationalities were all rather similar to each other, and to stereotypes of women in general. This strongly suggests that when people think of an ethnic or national group, they think mostly of the men in that group.
One such study found that the Black stereotype held by U.S. students overlaps more with the male stereotype, while the Asian stereotype overlaps more with the female stereotype.
The researchers found that heterosexual White men generally preferred Asian
women over Black women as romantic partners, while heterosexual White women generally preferred Black men over Asian men. In addition, Blacks were more likely than Asians to be selected for leadership positions, and are more heavily represented in college sports that are considered more masculine. The fact that gender and racial stereotypes have some overlapping content may have notable implications in the real world.
who can suppress stereotype activation?
mensen met internal motivation and low external motivation (politically correct willen zijn) -> goede stereotype control, zelfs in de gun vs tool task (identificeren of iets een gun of tool is bij verschillende ethniciteiten).
EEG: deze mensen laten high levels of conflict monitoring zien, vooral bij black faces (they are especially apt to notice when competing responses are activated so that behavior control is necessary).
high-internal, low-external motivation: sowieso minder activatie van stereotypes in het brein.
mensen met high internal en high external motivation hadden dit allemaal niet!! dus high internal low external is echt de key.
is the self similar to the ingroup, or is the ingroup similar to the self?
welke komt eerst? want:
People perceive fellow in-group members as similar to themselves, using their self-knowledge as a basis for inferring what the in-group is like.
However, earlier when they are socially categorized, people think of themselves in terms of in-group norms and stereotypes—using group knowledge as a basis for inferring what the self is like.
Dus is het ingroup -> self, of self -> ingroup, of werken ze samen?
Both! people had to rate how much traits correlated to themselves, and to their gender groups. reaction times were measured.
certain about a trait for themselves, but uncertain about trait for groups -> use the self-knowledge to generate response for the in-group
but certain about ingroup but not about self -> use the group knowledge as a base for the response of self.
-> knowledge about the self and the in-group mutually influence each other, with both processes contributing to convergence or overlap between perceptions of the self and the group.
sports defeat, collective self-esteem and unhealthy behaviour
in sports:
consumption of atty and high-calorie foods increased in cities whose teams lost, compared to cities whose teams won or cities without an NFL team (meeste fans in de steden = meeste effect).
2e experiment: fransen moesten schrijven over either defeat or winnings of their favorite sports team. daarna filler task, waarbij ze mochten eten uit de gezonde of ongezonde food bowls. -> defeat = meer uit ongezonde food bowls eten dan mensen die hadden geschreven over winnings.
self-affirmation techniques can eliminate these effects, just like with stereotypes
judging competence and trustworthiness
people make consistent judgments of competence and trustworthiness within the first 100 milliseconds of seeing a face and that these almost instantaneous judgments are good predictors of the outcomes of political elections.
judgements of competence: dit maken we vanaf 5 tot 85 jaar. maakt niet uit of het gezichten zijn uit onze eigen cultuur of van daar buiten.
mature looking faces (higher cheekbones, more angular jaws, squarer shape, and less distance between eyebrows and eyes) -> more competent.
self-perception and choice
self-perception theory: making an active behavioural choice is more reflective of inner states than performing that same behaviour without a choice.
-> dus kan handig zijn om mensen een keuze te bieden, omdat ze dan meer gemotiveerd zijn. actively choosing a particular course of action over the alternative of doing nothing increases people’s persistence with the chosen option.
exp: mensen mochten kiezen tussen twee topics van een woordpuzzel, en een andere groep had dit ook maar dan nog extra dat ze mochten kiezen of ze de woordpuzzel wel wilde doen.
-> de mensen die konden kiezen om het niet te doen, deden er veel langer over.
exp: patienten met colonoscopy. mensen die de keuze kregen om er eentje in te plannen, kwamen vaker opdagen dan mensen die waren ingescheduled voor dezelfde operatie op dezelfde tijd.
Thus managing alternatives so that people make the “right” choices can help change attitudes and help trigger persistent attitude-consistent behavior
dissonance and diet: meat eaters
veel mensen die vlees eten vinden het eigenlijk wel zielig voor de dieren -> cognitive dissonance. meat eaters therefore avoid attributing a mind to animals in order to avoid this dissonance.
schaap en koe in veld, grazen -> gaven aan dat dit dier veel een eigen mind had met emotions, goals etc.
schaap dat werd gebred voor slachten -> gaven minder aan dat dit dier een eigen mind had.
thus: even a fairly routine daily event for many people, eating a meal with
meat, might prompt dissonance reduction efforts.
