Chapter 4 SP

Question 1

lake wobegon effect

Answer 1

tendency to overestimate yourself.

meeste zelfportretten zijn wel accuraat in general, maar toch ook een soort motivatie aanwezig om onszelf beter te zien dan we werkelijk zijn.

Question 2

waar leidt self-knowledge toe

Answer 2

self-knowledge -> self-concept and self-esteem

Question 3

self-concept

Answer 3

all individuals beliefs about their personal qualities.
=actively constructed, not just there from birth!

Question 4

self-esteem

Answer 4

how we feel about ourselves. also develops via experiences!

Question 5

sources of the self-concept

Answer 5

people often infer their self-concept from their own behaviour, just like we assess the personalities of others. we also focus on how others perceive us, and compare ourselves to others to know which qualities about us are unique.

Question 6

self-perception theory

Answer 6

people make inferences about themselves based on overt behaviours when internal characteristics are vague/weak.
dus focussen op je gedrag om te zien wat jouw attitudes zijn

Question 7

intrinsic motivation

Answer 7

people draw inferences about themselves from things/behaviour that they choose to to freely themselves, instead of things they had to do.

Question 8

extrinsic motivation

Answer 8

shows less about our personal qualities, we often lose pleasure in performing these things.

Question 9

external rewards can undermine …

Answer 9

intrinsic motivation, look like bribes that control behaviour

Question 10

which can give more info about our personality: internal cues or overt behaviour?

Answer 10

intrinsic motivation, because thoughts and feelings are less influenced by external pressures

Question 11

looking-glass self

Answer 11

one source of our knowledge about ourselves is other people’s reactions to us, like a mirror: they reflect our own behaviour so that we know it too.

Question 12

bij wie heeft de looking-glass self het meeste effect?

Answer 12

bij mensen die uncertain zijn: jonge kinderen en mensen zonder duidelijk self-concept

Question 13

4 sources of self-knowledge

Answer 13

• behaviour
• thoughts and feelings
• others reactions (looking glass self)
• social comparison

Question 14

social comparison theory

Answer 14

people learn about and evaluate their personal qualities by comparing themselves to SIMILAR people

Question 15

waarom social comparison?

Answer 15

• desire for connectedness and empathy
• accurate self-concept
• inspiration
• positive feeling for self

Question 16

selfknowledge is richer than knowledge about others, en daarom zien we onszelf…

Answer 16

als meer flexibel en variabel (en anderen juist meer set in stone en closer to extremes)

Question 17

people who can observe themselves more in situations…

Answer 17

have more access to private thoughts and feelings

Question 18

actor-observer differences in attribution

Answer 18

your own choices are due to situational factors
others choices are due to their personal characteristics

Question 19

difference fundamental attribution error and actor-observer bias

Answer 19

Fundamental attribution error focuses only on other people’s behavior, while the actor-observer bias focuses on both your own and others behaviours.

Question 20

actor-observer differences in attribution reasons

Answer 20

1. whatever grabs your attention, stands out: als je iemand observeert dan is dat salient. als wij zelf iets doen zijn we juist gefocussed op de wereld en hetgene wat we aan het doen zijn, dus dan is dat salient.
2. we expect different sets of causal alternatives for ourself vs for others.
3. actors explain behaviours through their own goals and beliefs, observers explain them via more remote causes of those goals and beliefs (dus verdere oorzaken).

vb 3: Thus, you might say you tried out for the track team because you wanted an activity that would help you stay fit (your goal) and believed you would be able to make the team. In contrast, a friend might explain your behavior by noting that one of your close relatives was overweight and died of heart disease: a potential cause that presumably contributed to your goal of keeping fit.

Question 21

social comparison theory contrast and assimilation effects

Answer 21

Contrast effect: an effect of a comparison standard or prime that makes the perceiver’s
judgment more different from the standard
Assimilation effect: an effect of a comparison standard or prime that makes the perceiver’s judgment more similar to the standard

Contrast = judgement wordt more different from the standard
Assimilation = judgement wordt meer similar to the standard

Question 22

similarities in accuracy between self observations and of others

Answer 22

we may know more about ourselves, but that does not mean that we make more accurate judgements about ourselves than others: because we are not always aware of what we think, feel and do.

Question 23

self-aspects

Answer 23

we see ourselves in a wide range of different roles and situations, we have diverse amount of selves that may depend on what we are doing and who our companions are. each of these are a self-aspect

self-aspects -> self-concept

Question 24

coherent self-concept

Answer 24

people try to fit different self-aspects into the self-concept in a way that seems coherent:
- by selectively remembering past acts
- explaining away inconsistencies
- focussing on a few central traits

Question 25

4 manieren van coherent self concept

Answer 25

1. limited accessibility: we do only focus on a limited set of information that is readily accessible to us . 2. selective memory: we only remember past acts that fit within our self concept 3. attribution: komt door omgeving, niet door zelf 4. selecting a few key traits that we focus on: the self-schema

Question 26

what is the self-schema

Answer 26

a few key/central traits that are important to us. once a trait is within a self-schema, we tend to focus on it quicker.

Question 27

culture differences in self-concepts

Answer 27

- western: focus on self-schema (their own, individual traits) whereas collectivist cultures focus on relationships and roles. - western: independent. collectivist: social roles (niet echt eigen persoon) - asians: more inconsistencies and contradictions in self-concepts than westeners but primary goal of self-concepts remain the same: to adapt to social environment, we need to know our strenghts and weaknesses.

Question 28

self-esteem

Answer 28

peoples positive or negative evaluation of themselves. self-esteem summarizes how we are using our self-knowledge to navigate in the social world

Question 29

self-enhancing bias

Answer 29

interpreting info about ourselves in an overly positive way

Question 30

biased memories due to self-enhancement

Answer 30

- we remember more successes than failures - we choose to do things that we know we succeed in - we overestimate our own contributions to a project - but when the project is a failure, this overestimation is lower

Question 31

having many different self-aspects is called...

Answer 31

self-complexity

Question 32

self-evaluation maintenance

Answer 32

we tend to do social comparison, but this can feel more intense based on the closeness with the other person and the importance of the attribute in your self-concept (GNK vs beste vriendin: deed veel pijn. maar stranger verslagen worden in mario kart: veel minder pijn)

Question 33

biased comparisons to others

Answer 33

- avoid comparisons that make us look bad - we downplay our similarities with the person who is better - we put more distance into our relationships - downward comparisons: compare ourselves to ppl who are less fortunate/successful

Question 34

why self enhance?

Answer 34

motivation: valuing me and mine

Question 35

difference self-evaluation and self-enhancement

Answer 35

5,5 gehaald self-evaluation: niet super goed cijfer --> lage self esteem self-enhancement: vrienden hadden veel lager --> hoger self esteem

Question 36

self-esteem functions: obv motivational principles

Answer 36

- strive for mastery - seek connectedness

Question 37

wie hebben less self-enhancement

Answer 37

asians

Question 38

difference gender motivational principles and self esteem

Answer 38

- women: more connectedness - men: striving for mastery

Question 39

self-concept is easy/hard to change, due to...

Answer 39

hard to change, due to confirmation bias naar inconsistent info

Question 40

emotions seem to just happen to us, due to...

Answer 40

their intrusiveness. but they are actually based on our perceptions of the world and self

Question 41

what causes emotions

Answer 41

appraisals

Question 42

what are appraisals

Answer 42

interpretations of an event: - what caused the event - how does the event affect the self appraisals are flexible, largely depend on others reactions too. they cause emotions! and affect body and mind.

Question 43

self-guides en 2 factoren binnen self-guides

Answer 43

personal standards towards we strive. consists of: - ideal self; the person we want to be -> aspirations - ought self: the person we think we should be -> obligations Ought self = Obligations ideAl self = Aspirations

Question 44

what is the closest to the self-regulating function

Answer 44

the self-guide

Question 45

self-discrepancy theory

Answer 45

the difference between who we think we are, and our self-guide (ideal and ought) influences our self esteem.

Question 46

welke goals horen bij ideal en ought selves

Answer 46

ideal selve: positive outcomes -> promotion goals ought selve: negative outcomes -> prevention goals

Question 47

ideal self goals gehaald of niet (dus ... goals)

Answer 47

promotion niet gehaald: dissapointment, sadness promotion wel gehaald: joy, elation

Question 48

ought selve goals gehaald of niet (dus ... goals)

Answer 48

prevention niet gehaald: anxiety, agitation prevention wel gehaald: relief, relaxed

Question 49

the same goal might be ought for some person, but ideal for another

Answer 49

bv huismoeder worden

Question 50

welke self en goals horen bij welke cultuur?

Answer 50

individualistic: promotion, ideal self collectivist: prevention, ought self

Question 51

self-discrepancy kort

Answer 51

discrepancies between actual self and ideal/ought self-guides give rise to emotions, and have long-term consequences that affect body and mind

Question 52

differences in awareness of discrepancies

Answer 52

- per situation: self-focusing situations -> self-awareness. - per person: self-focusing individuals -> low vs. high in private self-consciousness

Question 53

strategies to accomplish goals

Answer 53

- rewards or punishments for ourselves - link acts to how they contribute to our long term goals: from ought -> want

Question 54

self-control in one task: leads to not being able to self-control in another task. wat heeft dit voor invloed in de praktijk

Answer 54

stressed, tired -> alcohol overconsumption, binge eating etc. want je kan niet self-controlen

Question 55

self-expression

Answer 55

i am what i am, consistent with self-concept

Question 56

self-presentation

Answer 56

i am what you want me to be, create desired impression in observer. for power, influence or approval

Question 57

2 types of impressions

Answer 57

ingratiation: we are likeable self-promotion: we are competent

Question 58

self-monitoring

Answer 58

how much people change their behaviour based on the social demands at that moment. hoe meer self-management, hoe meer verschil.

Question 59

self-concept is much higher than friends rating

Answer 59

= poor social skills?

Question 60

most threatening events are..

Answer 60

when we are out of control

Question 61

learned helplessness

Answer 61

mensen die hebben geleerd dat ze sommige dingen niet meer kunnen beinvloeden, stoppen dus ook helemaal met controlling their fate. (kan er toch niks aan veranderen)

Question 62

depressive attributional style

Answer 62

overal de schuld voor geven aan jezelf, het komt door mij (hoewel het uncontrollable is)

Question 63

coping strategies

Answer 63

efforts to reduce the negative consequences of threatening events

Question 64

emotion-focused coping

Answer 64

just avoiding, or escaping a situation

Question 65

women under stress mechanism:

Answer 65

tend and befriend: helpen en nurturen van hunzelf en anderen om hen heen. men: fight or flight response.

Question 66

problem-focusing coping

Answer 66

directly responding to threats, making them go away or less threatening

Question 67

terror management theory

Answer 67

a theory stating that reminders of one’s own mortality lead individuals to reaffirm basic cultural worldviews, which can have both positive and negative effects Even those not facing a life-threatening illness, but who are simply subtly reminded of their own mortality, may choose to self-affirm as a means to cope. According to Terror Management Theory (Solomon and others, 2000), such a reminder leads us to cope by reaffirming our most basic cultural worldviews, such as religious beliefs or views about what is most important in life. Indeed, thoughts of one’s own death may spark a host of positive, prosocial behaviors (Vail, Juhl, Arndt, Vess, Routledge, & Rutjens, 2012). But they also have a more negative side, generating intolerance and rejection for the deviant, the defiant, and the just “different”—anyone who fails to conform to the cultural worldview (Solomon and others, 2000).

Question 68

self-handicapping

Answer 68

sabotaging your own performance or making excuses -> avoid bad performance

Question 69

women do not like self-handicapping

Answer 69

because they like effort

Question 70

even when outcomes are negative, ppl like it better when they are in control

Answer 70

oke

Question 71

self-efficacy

Answer 71

the confidence in our ability to achieve an outcome. Kan je zien aan hoe mensen de outcome uitleggen: is het controllable of uncontrollable volgens hen?

Question 72

coping differences

Answer 72

- the resources determine the coping style - as well as the type of threat (meerdere coping styles kunnen goed zijn per situatie)

Question 73

self esteem is indicator for how well our mastery and connectedness is, but also important ...

Answer 73

resource for coping!

Question 74

emotion focussed coping

Answer 74

- escape - distraction - downplay importance - talk it out

Question 75

problem focussed coping

Answer 75

- re-evaluate evidence - make excuses - take control

Question 76

most important appraisal of threath

Answer 76

= controlability (heel controleerbaar: meer een challenge) how confident are you in your ability to handle it?

Question 77

welke soort coping bij uncontrollable en welke bij controllable

Answer 77

controllable = problem-focused uncontrollable = emotion-focused

Question 78

construct of reality:

Answer 78

we construct an impression of the self

Question 79

pervasiveness of social influence

Answer 79

our perceptions of other ppl and their reactions influence our self concept and self esteem (samen door self-knowledge)

Question 80

valuing me and mine wat voor bias

Answer 80

= self-enhancing bias!

Question 81

conservatism

Answer 81

once formed, the selfconcept is resistant to change and well defended against threats

Question 82

accessibility

Answer 82

the self concept and self esteem depend on info and experiences that come readily to mind