Chapter 4 SP Flashcards
lake wobegon effect
tendency to overestimate yourself.
meeste zelfportretten zijn wel accuraat in general, maar toch ook een soort motivatie aanwezig om onszelf beter te zien dan we werkelijk zijn.
waar leidt self-knowledge toe
self-knowledge -> self-concept and self-esteem
self-concept
all individuals beliefs about their personal qualities.
=actively constructed, not just there from birth!
self-esteem
how we feel about ourselves. also develops via experiences!
sources of the self-concept
people often infer their self-concept from their own behaviour, just like we assess the personalities of others. we also focus on how others perceive us, and compare ourselves to others to know which qualities about us are unique.
self-perception theory
people make inferences about themselves based on overt behaviours when internal characteristics are vague/weak.
dus focussen op je gedrag om te zien wat jouw attitudes zijn
intrinsic motivation
people draw inferences about themselves from things/behaviour that they choose to to freely themselves, instead of things they had to do.
extrinsic motivation
shows less about our personal qualities, we often lose pleasure in performing these things.
external rewards can undermine …
intrinsic motivation, look like bribes that control behaviour
which can give more info about our personality: internal cues or overt behaviour?
intrinsic motivation, because thoughts and feelings are less influenced by external pressures
looking-glass self
one source of our knowledge about ourselves is other people’s reactions to us, like a mirror: they reflect our own behaviour so that we know it too.
bij wie heeft de looking-glass self het meeste effect?
bij mensen die uncertain zijn: jonge kinderen en mensen zonder duidelijk self-concept
4 sources of self-knowledge
- behaviour
- thoughts and feelings
- others reactions (looking glass self)
- social comparison
social comparison theory
people learn about and evaluate their personal qualities by comparing themselves to SIMILAR people
waarom social comparison?
- desire for connectedness and empathy
- accurate self-concept
- inspiration
- positive feeling for self
selfknowledge is richer than knowledge about others, en daarom zien we onszelf…
als meer flexibel en variabel (en anderen juist meer set in stone en closer to extremes)
people who can observe themselves more in situations…
have more access to private thoughts and feelings
actor-observer differences in attribution
your own choices are due to situational factors
others choices are due to their personal characteristics
difference fundamental attribution error and actor-observer bias
Fundamental attribution error focuses only on other people’s behavior, while the actor-observer bias focuses on both your own and others behaviours.
actor-observer differences in attribution reasons
- whatever grabs your attention, stands out: als je iemand observeert dan is dat salient. als wij zelf iets doen zijn we juist gefocussed op de wereld en hetgene wat we aan het doen zijn, dus dan is dat salient.
- we expect different sets of causal alternatives for ourself vs for others.
- actors explain behaviours through their own goals and beliefs, observers explain them via more remote causes of those goals and beliefs (dus verdere oorzaken).
vb 3: Thus, you might say you tried out for the track team because you wanted an activity that would help you stay fit (your goal) and believed you would be able to make the team. In contrast, a friend might explain your behavior by noting that one of your close relatives was overweight and died of heart disease: a potential cause that presumably contributed to your goal of keeping fit.
social comparison theory contrast and assimilation effects
Contrast effect: an effect of a comparison standard or prime that makes the perceiver’s
judgment more different from the standard
Assimilation effect: an effect of a comparison standard or prime that makes the perceiver’s judgment more similar to the standard
Contrast = judgement wordt more different from the standard
Assimilation = judgement wordt meer similar to the standard
similarities in accuracy between self observations and of others
we may know more about ourselves, but that does not mean that we make more accurate judgements about ourselves than others: because we are not always aware of what we think, feel and do.
self-aspects
we see ourselves in a wide range of different roles and situations, we have diverse amount of selves that may depend on what we are doing and who our companions are. each of these are a self-aspect
self-aspects -> self-concept
coherent self-concept
people try to fit different self-aspects into the self-concept in a way that seems coherent:
- by selectively remembering past acts
- explaining away inconsistencies
- focussing on a few central traits
4 manieren van coherent self concept
- limited accessibility: we do only focus on a limited set of information that is readily accessible to us .
- selective memory: we only remember past acts that fit within our self concept
- attribution: komt door omgeving, niet door zelf
- selecting a few key traits that we focus on: the self-schema
what is the self-schema
a few key/central traits that are important to us. once a trait is within a self-schema, we tend to focus on it quicker.
culture differences in self-concepts
- western: focus on self-schema (their own, individual traits) whereas collectivist cultures focus on relationships and roles.
- western: independent. collectivist: social roles (niet echt eigen persoon)
- asians: more inconsistencies and contradictions in self-concepts than westeners
but primary goal of self-concepts remain the same: to adapt to social environment, we need to know our strenghts and weaknesses.
self-esteem
peoples positive or negative evaluation of themselves.
self-esteem summarizes how we are using our self-knowledge to navigate in the social world
self-enhancing bias
interpreting info about ourselves in an overly positive way
biased memories due to self-enhancement
- we remember more successes than failures
- we choose to do things that we know we succeed in
- we overestimate our own contributions to a project
- but when the project is a failure, this overestimation is lower
having many different self-aspects is called…
self-complexity
self-evaluation maintenance
we tend to do social comparison, but this can feel more intense based on the closeness with the other person and the importance of the attribute in your self-concept
(GNK vs beste vriendin: deed veel pijn. maar stranger verslagen worden in mario kart: veel minder pijn)
