Chapter 6 SP

Question 1

minority vs majority groups: hoe raten mensen zichzelf tov deze groups?

Answer 1

group totaal: slechte performance = zelf beter dan gemiddeld, goede performance = zelf slechter dan gemiddeld.

minority: slechte performance = zelf ook slechter dan gemiddeld, goede performance = zelf ook beter dan gemiddeld.

majority: slechte performance = equal aan gemiddeld, goede performance = equal aan gemiddeld.

performance was van 1 member van de groep.

dus majorities do not compare themselves to minorities.
minorities do not compare themselves to other people from their group, but they share the positive or negative image of the other person in the group.

Question 2

benefits van groups

Answer 2

• sense of belonginess
• bask in the glow of achievements from other people
• social life!

Question 3

costs of groups

Answer 3

like in-group people, automatic ‘disliking’ for out-group.

Question 4

difference self-categorization and social identity

Answer 4

• self-categorization: seeing oneself as a member of a group
• social identity: the parts of the social group that are included in the self-concept

Question 5

social identity theory

Answer 5

in-group bias komt doordat mensen hun self-esteem omhoog houden door deel te nemen aan een bepaalde group

Question 6

most important lessons about ingroup

Answer 6

van mensen die ook in de group zitten

Question 7

direct reminders of membership

Answer 7

(honorary or dismissive) labels
situations in which the similarities between people are highlighted.

-> reminders can overcome alternative categorizations that may be useful in other situations (bijvoorbeeld: race maar wel alletwee studenten: in een discussie over race vergeet je dat je alletwee in de in-group studenten zit).

Question 8

other reminders of membership

Answer 8

(direct reminders)
being a minority
presence of outgroup members
cultural differences
personality differences
conflict (grootste invloed)

Question 9

being a minority

Answer 9

people are more likely to think of themselves in terms of group-membership in smaller groups than in larger groups

Question 10

people identify more strongly with groups that they learn are targets of discrimination from societal mainstream

Answer 10

oke

Question 11

ideosyncratic: meer individualistic of collective?

Answer 11

individualistic -> betekent persoonlijk.
they see group memberships as changeable/temporary
higher divorce rates and more switching jobs

Question 12

small groups have the greatest effect on how you feel! bijvoorbeeld success van een voetbalgroep geeft een beter gevoel dan van een heel land? blijkbaar

Answer 12

oke niet voor mij

Question 13

seeing yourself as a group member -> these characteristics of the group become norms for your own behaviour

Answer 13

oke

Question 14

bask in reflected glory BIRG

Answer 14

boosting your self-esteem by identifying with the successes/good qualities of fellow in-group members.

mensen doen dit vooral als self-esteem threathened is

Question 15

in group-membership -> we denken vooral aan de dingen die wij gemeen hebben met hen -> daarom denken we dat mensen van in-group similar zijn to us

Answer 15

oke

Question 16

people prefer typical ingroup members, even when they would not like them based on their characteristics alone.

Answer 16

oke

Question 17

linguistic intergroup bias

Answer 17

we use abstract language to describe stereotypical behaviour, and concrete language to describe uncharacteristic behaviour.
dus bijv. ingroup positive; abstract (helping). maar outgroup positive: concrete (he picked it up)

Question 18

people see outgroup people as….

Answer 18

homogenous, uniform

Question 19

difference when an outgroup is seen as different vs outdoing the ingroup vs threathening

Answer 19

• different: just mild dislike
• outdoing the in-group: dislike
• threatening: hatred

Question 20

out-group homogeneity effect

Answer 20

people see people from out-groups as all the same, less diverse than the ingroup. because we know more people from the in-group -> we see them as more diverse.

Question 21

vaak geen individual interaction als er een outgroup member is, bijvoorbeeld bij voetbal wedstrijd. dus dan krijg je echt groepen die tegen elkaar gaan.

Answer 21

oke

Question 22

unequal power also leads to uniformity against the other group -> want minorities denken meer aan membership

Answer 22

oke

Question 23

cross-race identification bias

Answer 23

people recognize faces of own race better than faces from different races

Question 24

minimal intergroup situation

Answer 24

wanneer er in research groepen worden gemaakt die nergens op zijn gebaseerd

Question 25

participants favor the ingroup over the outgroup, even when that costs the ingroup in absolute terms

Answer 25

dus expectation of reward does not play a role in this!!

Question 26

social identity theory

Answer 26

motivation to derive self-esteem from group-membership is the main force for ingroup bias (you feel better about yourself, valuing me and mine)

Question 27

but... only when there is a threat, people shift from rewarding the ingroup to actively punishing the outgroup

Answer 27

dus alleen als er een threat is!

Question 28

responses of extreme hate

Answer 28

- oververheerlijken (exalt) in-group symbols and values (vlaggen, history) - naar beneden halen van de andere groep

Question 29

mensen willen de normen van de ingroup applyen bij de outgroep, maar dit kan natuurlijk niet (van nature).

Answer 29

daarom nog meer haat

Question 30

moral exclusion

Answer 30

als het echt heel ver gaat, mensen uit outgroup vermoorden etc

Question 31

stigma =

Answer 31

negative evaluation (stereotype, gaat vaak over ziektes)

Question 32

stereotype threat

Answer 32

THE FEAR of confirming negative evaluations/expectations of your group -> often harms performance. het alleen al weten dat anderen mensen dit hebben is genoeg.

Question 33

collective self-esteem

Answer 33

positive or negative feelings about a group membership

Question 34

discrimination of group does not always lead to lower self-esteem:

Answer 34

1. people can attribute negative reactions to others prejudice 2. compare themselves to other in-group members (maar ik ben niet zo..)

Question 35

nadelen van prejudice voor mensen

Answer 35

- self-esteem omlaag - hopeloosheid: als je altijd maar gezien zal worden als die in-group member - gezien worden als complaining - positieve feedback; gaat steeds maar zo door

Question 36

women lower self esteem in school door

Answer 36

teachers mannen meer stimuleren

Question 37

individual mobility

Answer 37

jezelf weghalen bij een negatieve groep: - disidentification: psychologische afstand nemen (avoid reminders, en publiekelijk tegen jouw ingroup ingaan (it be your own: asap rocky)) - dissociation: fysieke afstand nemen (emigreren en dan niks van je cultuur meenemen, gays who are in the closet)

Question 38

social creativity

Answer 38

emphasize the value of your ingroup membership, change the perceptions of peopel about your culture (bv turkish culture -> meer laten zien in amsterdam)

Question 39

social competition

Answer 39

build in-group solidarity, deze ingroup meer resources geven etc. tegen de domination van de out-group ingaan.

Question 40

black sheep effect

Answer 40

People can also disidentify from a group by publicly criticizing and devaluing an in-group member’s poor performance. This reaction, termed the black sheep effect (Marques & Yzerbyt, 1988), makes it clear that the critic regards the poor performance as unrepresentative of the group.

Question 41

- punten van dissociation

Answer 41

je bent nieuw bij een nieuwe groep: lastig loss of self-identity

Question 42

social change

Answer 42

actief gaan vechten voor de rechten van jouw ingroup, conflict aangaan (hunger games), improving the situation of the stigmatized group, willen gelijk zijn!

Question 43

cross-categorization

Answer 43

some members are ingroups in one dimension and outgroups in another (vrouw en wit) -> reduces intergroup discrimination against members of partially overlapping ingroups. maar zorgt eigenlijk meer voor redirection of prejudice, want mensen die dubbel outgroup zijn worden nog meer gehaat, zelfs nadat mensen met ingroup en outgroup meer liefde krijgen.

Question 44

color-blind theory

Answer 44

race should be ignored overall

Question 45

lastig aan color-blind theory

Answer 45

- culture is nog steeds belangijk, kan dat niet weghalen - desensitizes the members of the dominant group to the values based on the minority group

Question 46

dus color blind theory conclusie

Answer 46

balance is required, need to be able to work together whilst also keeping our own cultures and tradition. you cannot deny the reality and value of group differences.

Question 47

people who strongly identify with their group choose: social change/individual mobility?

Answer 47

social change! belangrijkste factoren: is er een mogelijkheid om mobileren en hoe sterk is de group membership feeling?

Question 48

construct of reality

Answer 48

we construct the self using our knowledge about our social groups

Question 49

pervasiveness of social influence

Answer 49

construction of reality imports social influences to the core of the self