Chapter 6 SP Flashcards

1
Q

minority vs majority groups: hoe raten mensen zichzelf tov deze groups?

A

group totaal: slechte performance = zelf beter dan gemiddeld, goede performance = zelf slechter dan gemiddeld.

minority: slechte performance = zelf ook slechter dan gemiddeld, goede performance = zelf ook beter dan gemiddeld.

majority: slechte performance = equal aan gemiddeld, goede performance = equal aan gemiddeld.

performance was van 1 member van de groep.

dus majorities do not compare themselves to minorities.
minorities do not compare themselves to other people from their group, but they share the positive or negative image of the other person in the group.

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2
Q

benefits van groups

A
  • sense of belonginess
  • bask in the glow of achievements from other people
  • social life!
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3
Q

costs of groups

A

like in-group people, automatic ‘disliking’ for out-group.

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4
Q

difference self-categorization and social identity

A
  • self-categorization: seeing oneself as a member of a group
  • social identity: the parts of the social group that are included in the self-concept
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5
Q

social identity theory

A

in-group bias komt doordat mensen hun self-esteem omhoog houden door deel te nemen aan een bepaalde group

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6
Q

most important lessons about ingroup

A

van mensen die ook in de group zitten

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7
Q

direct reminders of membership

A

(honorary or dismissive) labels
situations in which the similarities between people are highlighted.

-> reminders can overcome alternative categorizations that may be useful in other situations (bijvoorbeeld: race maar wel alletwee studenten: in een discussie over race vergeet je dat je alletwee in de in-group studenten zit).

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8
Q

other reminders of membership

A

(direct reminders)
being a minority
presence of outgroup members
cultural differences
personality differences
conflict (grootste invloed)

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9
Q

being a minority

A

people are more likely to think of themselves in terms of group-membership in smaller groups than in larger groups

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10
Q

people identify more strongly with groups that they learn are targets of discrimination from societal mainstream

A

oke

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11
Q

ideosyncratic: meer individualistic of collective?

A

individualistic -> betekent persoonlijk.
they see group memberships as changeable/temporary
higher divorce rates and more switching jobs

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12
Q

small groups have the greatest effect on how you feel! bijvoorbeeld success van een voetbalgroep geeft een beter gevoel dan van een heel land? blijkbaar

A

oke niet voor mij

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13
Q

seeing yourself as a group member -> these characteristics of the group become norms for your own behaviour

A

oke

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14
Q

bask in reflected glory BIRG

A

boosting your self-esteem by identifying with the successes/good qualities of fellow in-group members.

mensen doen dit vooral als self-esteem threathened is

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15
Q

in group-membership -> we denken vooral aan de dingen die wij gemeen hebben met hen -> daarom denken we dat mensen van in-group similar zijn to us

A

oke

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16
Q

people prefer typical ingroup members, even when they would not like them based on their characteristics alone.

A

oke

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17
Q

linguistic intergroup bias

A

we use abstract language to describe stereotypical behaviour, and concrete language to describe uncharacteristic behaviour.
dus bijv. ingroup positive; abstract (helping). maar outgroup positive: concrete (he picked it up)

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18
Q

people see outgroup people as….

A

homogenous, uniform

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19
Q

difference when an outgroup is seen as different vs outdoing the ingroup vs threathening

A
  • different: just mild dislike
  • outdoing the in-group: dislike
  • threatening: hatred
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20
Q

out-group homogeneity effect

A

people see people from out-groups as all the same, less diverse than the ingroup. because we know more people from the in-group -> we see them as more diverse.

21
Q

vaak geen individual interaction als er een outgroup member is, bijvoorbeeld bij voetbal wedstrijd. dus dan krijg je echt groepen die tegen elkaar gaan.

A

oke

22
Q

unequal power also leads to uniformity against the other group -> want minorities denken meer aan membership

A

oke

23
Q

cross-race identification bias

A

people recognize faces of own race better than faces from different races

24
Q

minimal intergroup situation

A

wanneer er in research groepen worden gemaakt die nergens op zijn gebaseerd

25
Q

participants favor the ingroup over the outgroup, even when that costs the ingroup in absolute terms

A

dus expectation of reward does not play a role in this!!

26
Q

social identity theory

A

motivation to derive self-esteem from group-membership is the main force for ingroup bias (you feel better about yourself, valuing me and mine)

27
Q

but… only when there is a threat, people shift from rewarding the ingroup to actively punishing the outgroup

A

dus alleen als er een threat is!

28
Q

responses of extreme hate

A
  • oververheerlijken (exalt) in-group symbols and values (vlaggen, history)
  • naar beneden halen van de andere groep
29
Q

mensen willen de normen van de ingroup applyen bij de outgroep, maar dit kan natuurlijk niet (van nature).

A

daarom nog meer haat

30
Q

moral exclusion

A

als het echt heel ver gaat, mensen uit outgroup vermoorden etc

31
Q

stigma =

A

negative evaluation (stereotype, gaat vaak over ziektes)

32
Q

stereotype threat

A

THE FEAR of confirming negative evaluations/expectations of your group -> often harms performance. het alleen al weten dat anderen mensen dit hebben is genoeg.

33
Q

collective self-esteem

A

positive or negative feelings about a group membership

34
Q

discrimination of group does not always lead to lower self-esteem:

A
  1. people can attribute negative reactions to others prejudice
  2. compare themselves to other in-group members (maar ik ben niet zo..)
35
Q

nadelen van prejudice voor mensen

A
  • self-esteem omlaag
  • hopeloosheid: als je altijd maar gezien zal worden als die in-group member
  • gezien worden als complaining
  • positieve feedback; gaat steeds maar zo door
36
Q

women lower self esteem in school door

A

teachers mannen meer stimuleren

37
Q

individual mobility

A

jezelf weghalen bij een negatieve groep:

  • disidentification: psychologische afstand nemen (avoid reminders, en publiekelijk tegen jouw ingroup ingaan (it be your own: asap rocky))
  • dissociation: fysieke afstand nemen (emigreren en dan niks van je cultuur meenemen, gays who are in the closet)
38
Q

social creativity

A

emphasize the value of your ingroup membership, change the perceptions of peopel about your culture (bv turkish culture -> meer laten zien in amsterdam)

39
Q

social competition

A

build in-group solidarity, deze ingroup meer resources geven etc. tegen de domination van de out-group ingaan.

40
Q

black sheep effect

A

People can also disidentify from a group by publicly criticizing and devaluing an
in-group member’s poor performance. This reaction, termed the black sheep effect
(Marques & Yzerbyt, 1988), makes it clear that the critic regards the poor performance
as unrepresentative of the group.

41
Q
  • punten van dissociation
A

je bent nieuw bij een nieuwe groep: lastig
loss of self-identity

42
Q

social change

A

actief gaan vechten voor de rechten van jouw ingroup, conflict aangaan (hunger games), improving the situation of the stigmatized group, willen gelijk zijn!

43
Q

cross-categorization

A

some members are ingroups in one dimension and outgroups in another (vrouw en wit) -> reduces intergroup discrimination against members of partially overlapping ingroups.
maar zorgt eigenlijk meer voor redirection of prejudice, want mensen die dubbel outgroup zijn worden nog meer gehaat, zelfs nadat mensen met ingroup en outgroup meer liefde krijgen.

44
Q

color-blind theory

A

race should be ignored overall

45
Q

lastig aan color-blind theory

A
  • culture is nog steeds belangijk, kan dat niet weghalen
  • desensitizes the members of the dominant group to the values based on the minority group
46
Q

dus color blind theory conclusie

A

balance is required, need to be able to work together whilst also keeping our own cultures and tradition. you cannot deny the reality and value of group differences.

47
Q

people who strongly identify with their group choose: social change/individual mobility?

A

social change!

belangrijkste factoren: is er een mogelijkheid om mobileren en hoe sterk is de group membership feeling?

48
Q

construct of reality

A

we construct the self using our knowledge about our social groups

49
Q

pervasiveness of social influence

A

construction of reality imports social influences to the core of the self