sounds of the heart Flashcards
what is the first heart sound?
“LUB” closing of mitral and aortic valve
is the first heart sound heard during systole or diastole?
beginning of systole
what is the second heart sound?
“DUB” closing of the tricuspid and pulmonary valve
when is the second heart sound heard?
at the beginning of diastole
when is the physiological splitting of the second heart sound considered normal?
during inspiration
what is the third heart sound?
early diastolic frequency filling sound
what does a third heart sound indicate?
in a healthy child/young adult normal, in an adult it suggests left ventricular systolic disfunction
what is the fourth heart sound?
late diastolic low frequency sound
what does a fourth heart sound indicate?
it is almost always pathological, good indicator of the severity of hypertension and aortic stenosis. Should be referred for echo to assess degree of left ventricular hypertrophy/aortic stenosis as it suggests ventricular stiffening.
what causes an innocent cardiac murmu?
It is a systolic flow murmur caused by a turbulence of blood in the right ventricular outflow tract.
what are the characteristics of an innocent murmur?
soft mid systolic, usually heard over the pulmonary area, localised to one auscultatory area, no radiation, no other cardiac signs
what murmurs are always pathological?
diastolic murmurs
