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Sectional Anatomy > Sono Physics Questions > Flashcards

Sono Physics Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Color Doppler displays can present Doppler- ______ and Doppler-____

A

Shift, power

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2
Q

The visual display of Doppler information can be in the form of a ____-Doppler display or a ____-Doppler display

A

Color, Spectral

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3
Q

In medical applications, the flow of ______ is commonly the source of the Doppler effect. Doppler information is applied to ______ for audible evaluation and to _____ for virtual analysis

A

Blood, loudspeakers, displays

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4
Q

The motion that produces the Doppler effect is that of the?

A

Reflector

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5
Q

The Doppler effect is a change in echo_____

A

frequency

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6
Q

Transducers generate ultrasound _____ and receive returning _____

A

Pulses, echoes

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7
Q

The _____ is the interface between the patient and the instrument

A

Transducer

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8
Q

Sonography is accomplished by using a pulse-echo technique. The important information gained from this technique includes the _____ from which each echo originated and the ____ of each echo. From this information, the instrument can determine the echo ______ and ______ on the display

A

Location, strength, location, brightness

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9
Q

A sector can have a _____ or a ______

A

Pointed, curved

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10
Q

The shape of a sector scan is similar to a ______ of ______

A

Slice, pie

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11
Q

The linear scan has a _______ shape

A

Rectangular

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12
Q

A sector scan is composed of many scan lines with a common _____

A

Origin

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13
Q

A linear scan is composed of many _____, ______ scan lines

A

Vertical, parallel

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14
Q

The brightness of an echo, as presented on the display, represents the _____ of the echo

A

Strength

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15
Q

Ultrasound gray-scale scans ______-_____ images of tissue cross sections and volumes

A

Pulse-echo

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16
Q

The diagnostic ultrasound imaging method has two parts:
1. Sending _____ of _____ into the body
2. Using _____ received from the anatomy to produce a _______ of that anatomy

A

Pulses, ultrasound, echoes, image

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17
Q

Does scattering occur at smooth boundaries and within homogeneous media?

A

No

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18
Q

No reflection will occur with perpendicular incidence if the media _____ are equal

A

Impedances

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19
Q

What must be known to calculate the density of a reflector?

A

Travel time and speed

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20
Q

Can backscatter help make echo reception? less dependent on incident angle?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Reflection of sound in many directions while it encounters rough media junctions on particle suspensions is called______

A

Scattering

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22
Q

Under what two conditions does refraction not occur?

A

Perpendicular incidence & equal media propagation speeds

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23
Q

Refraction is a change in ______ of sound when it crosses a boundary. Refraction is caused by a change in ________ at the boundary

A

Direction, propagation speed

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24
Q

With perpendicular incidence, the reflected intensity depends on the_____

A

Density difference and impedance difference

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25
Q

Is there a reflection if the impedances of the media are equal?

A

Yes

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26
Q

With perpendicular incidence, two media ______ and the incident _____ must be known to calculate the reflected intensity

A

Impedances, intensity

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27
Q

With perpendicular incidence, two media ______ must be known to calculate the IRC

A

impedances

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28
Q

When ultrasound encounters a boundary with perpendicular incidence, the _____ of the tissues must be different to produce a reflection

A

Impedances

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29
Q

The imaging depth ____ while frequency increases

A

decreases

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30
Q

Is attenuation higher in bone than in soft tissue?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Absorption is the conversion of _____ to _____

A

Sound, heat

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32
Q

If frequency is doubled and path length is halved, attenuation is ____

A

unchanged

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33
Q

For soft tissue, if frequency is doubled, attenuation is _____, if path length is doubled, attenuation is ____, if both frequency and path length are doubled, attenuation is ____

A

Doubled, doubled, quadrupled

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34
Q

The attenuation coefficient in soft tissue ____ while frequency increases

A

increases

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35
Q

The attenuation coefficient is attenuation per _____ of sound travel

A

centimeter

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36
Q

Attenuation consists of ________

A

Absorption, reflection, and scattering

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37
Q

Attenuation is the reduction in _____ and _____ as a wave travels through a medium

A

amplitude, intensity

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38
Q

If amplitude is doubled, intensity is ____

A

quadrupled

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39
Q

If both power and area are doubled, intensity is _____

A

quadrupled

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40
Q

If area is doubled and power remains unchanged, intensity is _____

A

halved

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41
Q

If power is doubled and areas remains unchanged, intensity is _____

A

doubled

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42
Q

Intensity is proportional to ____ squared

A

amplitude

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43
Q

A unit for intensity is _____

A

mW/cm^2

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44
Q

Intensity is the ____ in a wave divided by _____

A

power, area

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45
Q

Amplitude is the maximum ____ that occurs in an acoustic variable

A

Variation

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46
Q

What is a typical DF for sonography?

A

0.1

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47
Q

For pulsed ultrasound, the DF is always_____

A

less than 1

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48
Q

The DF of a continuous wave is ___

A

1

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49
Q

SPL equals the number of cycles in the pulse multiplied by _____

A

wavelength

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50
Q

PD equals the number of cycles in the pulse multiplied by _____

A

period

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51
Q

What is the fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is actually on?

A

DF

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52
Q

SPL is the _____ of _____ that a pulse occupies while it travels

A

Length, space

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53
Q

PD is the ______ it takes for a pulse to occur

A

time

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54
Q

The PRP _____ while PRF increases

A

decreases

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55
Q

what is the time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next?

A

PRP

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56
Q

PRF is the number of _____ occurring in 1 second

A

pulses

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57
Q

CW stands for____

A

Continuous Wave

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58
Q

Impedance is ____ multiplied by _____

A

density, propagation speed

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59
Q

If two media have the same propagation speed but different densities, will the one with the higher density have the higher impedance?

A

Yes

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60
Q

If two media have the same density but different propagation speeds, will the one with the higher propagation speed have the higher impedance?

A

Yes

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61
Q

In nonlinear propagation, additional frequencies appear that are ____ and ______ multiples of the fundamental frequency. They are called ______

A

Odd, even, harmonics

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62
Q

Nonlinear propagation means that _____

A

The waveform changes shape while it travels

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63
Q

If two media have different stiffnesss, will the one with the higher stiffness have the propagation speed?

A

Yes

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64
Q

Waves can carry _____ from one place to another

A

Information

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65
Q

If frequency in soft tissue is doubled, propagation speed is _____

A

Unchanged

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66
Q

If propagation speed is doubled and frequency is held constant, the wavelength is _____

A

Doubled

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67
Q

Sound is a ______ wave

A

Mechanical longitudinal

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68
Q

Sound travels most slowly in _____

A

Gases

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69
Q

Sound travels fastest in ______

A

Steel

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70
Q

Propagation speed in bone is _____ that in soft tissue

A

higher than

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71
Q

Wavelength in soft tissue ______ while frequency increases

A

Decreases

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72
Q

Propagation speed is determined by the _______

A

Medium

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73
Q

The average propagation speed in soft tissues is _____ m/s or _____mm/us

A

1540, 1.54

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74
Q

Propagation speed increases if ______ is increased

A

Stiffness

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75
Q

The ______ and _______ of a medium determine propagation speed

A

Density, stiffness

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76
Q

Wavelength is equal to _______ divided by ______

A

propagation speed, frequency

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77
Q

Propagation speed is the speed with which a _______ moves through a medium

A

Wave

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78
Q

Wavelength is the length of _____ over which one cycle occurs

A

space

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79
Q

Period decreases while _____ increases

A

Frequency

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80
Q

Period is the _____ it takes for one cycle to occur

A

Time

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81
Q

The unit of frequency is ____, which is abbreviated as _____

A

Hertz, Hz

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82
Q

Frequency is the number of ____ an acoustic variable goes through in a second

A

cycles

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83
Q

Acoustic variables include ____

A

Pressure, density, and particle motion

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84
Q

Ultrasound is sound with a frequency greater than _____

A

20,000 Hz

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85
Q

Sound is a traveling variation in quantities called _____ variables

A

Acoustic

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86
Q

A wave is a traveling variation is quantities called _____ variables

A

Wave

87
Q

Heating depends most directly on ____

A

SATA Intensity

88
Q

Conditions under which cavitation may occur are best described by ____

A

Peak rarefactional pressure

89
Q

Bioeffects have been observed in experimental animals with intensities greater than _____

A

100 mW/cm^2 SPTA

90
Q

Bioeffects have been observed in experimental animals with focused intensities greater than____

A

1 mW/cm^2 SPTP

91
Q

Focal lesions have been observed in experimental animals with intensities greater than ____

A

100 mW/cm^2 SPTA

92
Q

Is the available epidemiologic data sufficient enough to make a final judgment on the safety of diagnostic ultrasound?

A

No

93
Q

What is currently used to indicate output on display?

A

Mechanical index

94
Q

Is there no possible hazard involved in the use of diagnostic ultrasound?

A

No

95
Q

Should ultrasound not be used as a diagnostic tool because of the bioeffects it can produce?

A

No

96
Q

No independently confirmed, significant bioeffects in mammalian tissues have been reported at intensities below _____

A

10 mW/cm^2 SATA

97
Q

Is there any known risk with the current use of diagnostic ultrasound?

A

Yes

98
Q

Are there any bioeffects that ultrasound produces in small animals under experimental conditions?

A

No

99
Q

What mechanism of ultrasound can produce bioeffects?

A

Cavitation

100
Q

What can relate to heating?

A

Absorption

101
Q

what acoustic parameter has been documented in ultrasound epidemiologic studies published thus far?

A

Intensity and pulsing conditions

102
Q

A device commonly used to measure the output of diagnostic ultrasound instruments is a _____

A

hydrophone

103
Q

A typical output intensity for an ultrasound imaging instrument is ____

A

3.5 MHz

104
Q

What Doppler has the highest output intensity?

A

Duplex pulsed doppler

105
Q

Which controls affect instrument output intensity

A

Transmit, output

106
Q

The tissue of greatest concern regarding bioeffects in an abdominal scan is the _____

A

fetus

107
Q

No bioeffects have been observed in nonhuman mammalian tissues at thermal index values of less than ____

A

2

108
Q

No bioeffects have been observed in nonhuman mammalian tissue at mechanical index values of less than _____

A

0.4

109
Q

No bioeffects have been observed in nonhuman mammalian tissue at peak rarefactional values of less than _____

A

0.4

110
Q

ALARA is an abbreviation for ____

A

As Low As Reasonably Achieved

111
Q

A tissue equivalent _______ has an attenuation of approximately 0.5 dB/cm-MHz and a propagation speed of 1.54 mm/us. A _____ does not mimic tissue but provides a means for measuring some aspect of instrument performance

A

Phantom, test object

112
Q

Can test objects and phantoms be used by the instrument operator?

A

Yes

113
Q

A ______ test object is useful in checking the accuracy of Doppler spectral displays

A

String

114
Q

Tissue equivalent phantoms attempt to represent some acoustic property of _____

A

Tissues

115
Q

A _____ phantom is useful in simulating physiologic ______ conditions for a Doppler instrument

A

Flow, flow

116
Q

Does the string test object measure volumetric flow rate?

A

No

117
Q

Do all hydrophones consist of a small element mounted on the end of a needle?

A

No

118
Q

A needle hydrophone contains a small ______ element

A

Transducer and piezoelectric

119
Q

Because of its small size, can a hydrophone measure spatial details of a sound beam?

A

Yes

120
Q

A hydrophone _____

A

Produces a voltage

121
Q

What is part of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

122
Q

The _____ are the tiniest vessels in the circulatory system

A

Capillaries

123
Q

Doppler ultrasound can detect flow in the _____

A

Heart, arteries, veins

124
Q

To flow is to move in a _____

A

stream

125
Q

The characteristic of a fluid that offers resistance to flow is called _____

A

viscosity

126
Q

Poise is a unit of ______

A

Viscosity

127
Q

Pressure is ______ per unit area

A

force

128
Q

Pressure is ______

A

Omnidirectional

129
Q

Flow is a response to pressure _______ or ________

A

difference, gradient

130
Q

If the pressure is greater at one end of a liquid-filled tube or vessel than it is at the other, the liquid will flow from the _______- pressure end to the _______- pressure

A

higher, lower

131
Q

The volumetric flow rate in a tube is determined by _____ difference and _______

A

pressure, resistance

132
Q

Flow increases if _______ increases

A

pressure difference/gradient

133
Q

While flow resistance increases, volumetric flow rate ______

A

Decreases

134
Q

If pressure difference is doubled, volumetric flow rate is _____

A

doubled

135
Q

If flow resistance is doubled, volumetric flow rate is _____

A

halved

136
Q

Flow resistance in a vessel depends on _____

A

Vessel length, vessel radius, blood viscosity

137
Q

Flow resistance decreases with an increase in ______

A

vessel radius

138
Q

Flow resistance depends most strongly on _____

A

Vessel radius

139
Q

Volumetric flow rate decreases with an increase in _______

A

Vessel length and blood viscosity

140
Q

When the speed of a fluid is constant across a vessel the flow is called ____ flow

A

plug

141
Q

______ flow occurs when straight parallel streamlines describing the flow are altered

A

Disturbed

142
Q

_____ flow involves random and chaotic flow patterns, with particles flowing in all directions

A

Turbulent

143
Q

Turbulent flow is more likely _____ to a stenosis

A

Distal

144
Q

A narrowing of the lumen of a tube is called a _____

A

Stenosis

145
Q

Proximal, to, at, and distal to a stenosis _____ must be constant

A

Volumetric flow rate

146
Q

Poiseuilles equation predicts a ______ in flow speed with a decrease in vessel radius

A

Decrease

147
Q

The continuity rule predicts a ____ in flow speed with a localized decrease in vessel diameter

A

increase

148
Q

In a stenosis, the pressure is _____ the proximal and distal values

A

Less than

149
Q

Added forward flow and flow reversal in diastole can occur with ____ flow

A

Pulsatile

150
Q

While stenosis diameter decreases, _____ passes through a maximum

A

Flow speed at & proximal to the stenosis

151
Q

The ____ effect is used to detect and measure _____ in vessels

A

Doppler, flow

152
Q

Motion of an echo-generating structure causes an echo to have a different _____ from that of the emitted pulse

A

Frequency

153
Q

The Doppler shift is the difference between ______ and ______ frequencies

A

Received, emitted

154
Q

when incident sound direction and reflector motion are not parallel, calculation of the reflected frequency involves the _____ of the angle between these directions

A

Cosine

155
Q

For blood flowing in a vessel with a plug flow profile, the Doppler shift is ____ across the vessel

A

Constant

156
Q

Which Doppler angl yields the greatest Doppler shift?

A

0

157
Q

To proceed from a measurement of Doppler-shift frequency to a calculation of flow speed, _____ must be known or assumed

A

Doppler angle

158
Q

If operating frequency is doubled, the Doppler shift is ________

A

Doubled

159
Q

Color-Doppler instruments present two-dimensional, color-coded images representing _______ that are superimposed on gray-scale images representing _______

A

Flow, anatomy

160
Q

Color-Doppler instruments use an _____ technique to yield Doppler information in real-time

A

Autocorrelation

161
Q

Are the angle dependencies of Doppler shift displays and Doppler-Power displays different?

A

Yes

162
Q

Is color only used to represent flow direction, in Color-Doppler Instruments?

A

No

163
Q

Approximately ____ pulses are required to obtain one line of Color-Doppler information

A

10

164
Q

Whats increases if the Doppler angle is increased?

A

Effect of angle error

165
Q

Decreased distal resistance normally causes end diastolic flow to ____

A

Increase

166
Q

Flow reversal in diastole indicates ____

A

High distal resistance

167
Q

Do higher flow speeds always produce a higher Doppler shift on a spectral display?

A

No

168
Q

Does turbulent flow produce a narrower spectrum?

A

No

169
Q

Does disturbed flow produce a narrower spectrum?

A

No

170
Q

If all the cells in a vessel were moving at the same constant speed, the spectral trace would be a ____ line

A

Thin horizontal

171
Q

Spectral broadening is a ______ of the spectral trace

A

Vertical thickening

172
Q

Increasing ensemble length ____ color sensitivity and accuracy and _____ frame rate

A

improves, decreases

173
Q

What control can help with clutter?

A

wall filter

174
Q

Color map baselines are always represented by _____

A

Blue

175
Q

Doubling the width of a color window produces a ____ frame rate

A

Quadrupled

176
Q

Steering the color window to the right or the left produces a _____ frame rate

A

unchanged

177
Q

Autocorrelation produces ___

A

The mean value of Doppler shift, variance

178
Q

Steering the color window to the right or left changes ____

A

Frame rate, PRF, Doppler angle, Doppler shift

179
Q

Color Doppler frame rates are ___ gray-scale rates

A

less than

180
Q

Is angle important in transverse color-Doppler views through vessels?

A

Yes

181
Q

Compared with Doppler shift Imaging, Doppler Power Imaging is ______

A

More sensitive, angle-dependent, aliasing-independent, Speed independent

182
Q

Doppler-power imaging indicates the ____ of flow

A

presence

183
Q

An earlier gat time means ____ sample volume depth

A

a shallower

184
Q

Doppler signal power is proportional to _____

A

Cell concentration

185
Q

Does Doppler ultrasound provide information about flow conditions only at the site of measurement?

A

No

186
Q

What can reduce the frame rate of a Color-Doppler image?

A

Wider color window, increased ensemble length

187
Q

The _____ technique is commonly used to detect echo Doppler shifts in color-Doppler instruments

A

Autocorrelation

188
Q

Increasing the ensemble length _____ the frame rate

A

decreases

189
Q

A pulsed wave Doppler system is a _____ system

A

Sampling

190
Q

How many crystals are in a CW probe?

A

2

191
Q

Which component determines direction and separates Doppler shift voltages into separate forward and reverse channels?

A

Phase quadrature detector

192
Q

What’s the Doppler angle range?

A

30-60

193
Q

How long are the typical imaging pulses for 2D?

A

2-3 cycles

194
Q

What is the pulse length for Doppler instruments?

A

5-30 cycles

195
Q

What equals the width of the sample volume?

A

Beam width

196
Q

A _____ gate length is desired when searching for a blood vessel.

A

Longer

197
Q

A _______ gate length improves the quality of the spectral display.

A

Shorter

198
Q

What is represented on the horizontal axis of a spectral display?

A

Time

199
Q

What is represented on the vertical axis of a spectral display?

A

Doppler-shift frequency

200
Q

How is the amplitude or power of each Doppler-shift frequency at any instant presented?

A

Brightness/color

201
Q

What is Doppler signal power proportional to?

A

Blood cell concentration

202
Q

Where will a sonographer see a “Tardus Parvus” waveform?

A

Upstream (proximal) stenoses

203
Q

What happens if the spectral gain is too high?

A

Spectral broadening

204
Q

How many Doppler samples per scan line are in an average color Doppler display?

A

100-400

205
Q

How many frames per second is in a typical color Doppler display?

A

5-50

206
Q

With Doppler, how does the sonographer control or adjust the PRF?

A

Scale control

207
Q

What is the minimum number of pulses per scan line (ensemble length) for Doppler?

A

3

208
Q

What is the most common ensemble length?

A

10-20

209
Q

What must be considered with an increased ensemble length?

A

Lower frame rates

210
Q

The combination of which three values display the sign, magnitude, and variance of Doppler shifts?

A

Hue, saturation, luminence

211
Q

Where is phasic flow found?

A

Veins

212
Q

What happens to sound when it encounters a tissue interface with equal impedances?

A

No echo

213
Q

How can speckle be reduced?

A

Spatial compounding

214
Q
A

Sectional Anatomy (4 decks)

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