Sono Physics Questions Flashcards
Color Doppler displays can present Doppler- ______ and Doppler-____
Shift, power
The visual display of Doppler information can be in the form of a ____-Doppler display or a ____-Doppler display
Color, Spectral
In medical applications, the flow of ______ is commonly the source of the Doppler effect. Doppler information is applied to ______ for audible evaluation and to _____ for virtual analysis
Blood, loudspeakers, displays
The motion that produces the Doppler effect is that of the?
Reflector
The Doppler effect is a change in echo_____
frequency
Transducers generate ultrasound _____ and receive returning _____
Pulses, echoes
The _____ is the interface between the patient and the instrument
Transducer
Sonography is accomplished by using a pulse-echo technique. The important information gained from this technique includes the _____ from which each echo originated and the ____ of each echo. From this information, the instrument can determine the echo ______ and ______ on the display
Location, strength, location, brightness
A sector can have a _____ or a ______
Pointed, curved
The shape of a sector scan is similar to a ______ of ______
Slice, pie
The linear scan has a _______ shape
Rectangular
A sector scan is composed of many scan lines with a common _____
Origin
A linear scan is composed of many _____, ______ scan lines
Vertical, parallel
The brightness of an echo, as presented on the display, represents the _____ of the echo
Strength
Ultrasound gray-scale scans ______-_____ images of tissue cross sections and volumes
Pulse-echo
The diagnostic ultrasound imaging method has two parts:
1. Sending _____ of _____ into the body
2. Using _____ received from the anatomy to produce a _______ of that anatomy
Pulses, ultrasound, echoes, image
Does scattering occur at smooth boundaries and within homogeneous media?
No
No reflection will occur with perpendicular incidence if the media _____ are equal
Impedances
What must be known to calculate the density of a reflector?
Travel time and speed
Can backscatter help make echo reception? less dependent on incident angle?
Yes
Reflection of sound in many directions while it encounters rough media junctions on particle suspensions is called______
Scattering
Under what two conditions does refraction not occur?
Perpendicular incidence & equal media propagation speeds
Refraction is a change in ______ of sound when it crosses a boundary. Refraction is caused by a change in ________ at the boundary
Direction, propagation speed
With perpendicular incidence, the reflected intensity depends on the_____
Density difference and impedance difference
Is there a reflection if the impedances of the media are equal?
Yes
With perpendicular incidence, two media ______ and the incident _____ must be known to calculate the reflected intensity
Impedances, intensity
With perpendicular incidence, two media ______ must be known to calculate the IRC
impedances
When ultrasound encounters a boundary with perpendicular incidence, the _____ of the tissues must be different to produce a reflection
Impedances
The imaging depth ____ while frequency increases
decreases
Is attenuation higher in bone than in soft tissue?
Yes
Absorption is the conversion of _____ to _____
Sound, heat
If frequency is doubled and path length is halved, attenuation is ____
unchanged
For soft tissue, if frequency is doubled, attenuation is _____, if path length is doubled, attenuation is ____, if both frequency and path length are doubled, attenuation is ____
Doubled, doubled, quadrupled
The attenuation coefficient in soft tissue ____ while frequency increases
increases
The attenuation coefficient is attenuation per _____ of sound travel
centimeter
Attenuation consists of ________
Absorption, reflection, and scattering
Attenuation is the reduction in _____ and _____ as a wave travels through a medium
amplitude, intensity
If amplitude is doubled, intensity is ____
quadrupled
If both power and area are doubled, intensity is _____
quadrupled
If area is doubled and power remains unchanged, intensity is _____
halved
If power is doubled and areas remains unchanged, intensity is _____
doubled
Intensity is proportional to ____ squared
amplitude
A unit for intensity is _____
mW/cm^2
Intensity is the ____ in a wave divided by _____
power, area
Amplitude is the maximum ____ that occurs in an acoustic variable
Variation
What is a typical DF for sonography?
0.1
For pulsed ultrasound, the DF is always_____
less than 1
The DF of a continuous wave is ___
1
SPL equals the number of cycles in the pulse multiplied by _____
wavelength
PD equals the number of cycles in the pulse multiplied by _____
period
What is the fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is actually on?
DF
SPL is the _____ of _____ that a pulse occupies while it travels
Length, space
PD is the ______ it takes for a pulse to occur
time
The PRP _____ while PRF increases
decreases
what is the time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next?
PRP
PRF is the number of _____ occurring in 1 second
pulses
CW stands for____
Continuous Wave
Impedance is ____ multiplied by _____
density, propagation speed
If two media have the same propagation speed but different densities, will the one with the higher density have the higher impedance?
Yes
If two media have the same density but different propagation speeds, will the one with the higher propagation speed have the higher impedance?
Yes
In nonlinear propagation, additional frequencies appear that are ____ and ______ multiples of the fundamental frequency. They are called ______
Odd, even, harmonics
Nonlinear propagation means that _____
The waveform changes shape while it travels
If two media have different stiffnesss, will the one with the higher stiffness have the propagation speed?
Yes
Waves can carry _____ from one place to another
Information
If frequency in soft tissue is doubled, propagation speed is _____
Unchanged
If propagation speed is doubled and frequency is held constant, the wavelength is _____
Doubled
Sound is a ______ wave
Mechanical longitudinal
Sound travels most slowly in _____
Gases
Sound travels fastest in ______
Steel
Propagation speed in bone is _____ that in soft tissue
higher than
Wavelength in soft tissue ______ while frequency increases
Decreases
Propagation speed is determined by the _______
Medium
The average propagation speed in soft tissues is _____ m/s or _____mm/us
1540, 1.54
Propagation speed increases if ______ is increased
Stiffness
The ______ and _______ of a medium determine propagation speed
Density, stiffness
Wavelength is equal to _______ divided by ______
propagation speed, frequency
Propagation speed is the speed with which a _______ moves through a medium
Wave
Wavelength is the length of _____ over which one cycle occurs
space
Period decreases while _____ increases
Frequency
Period is the _____ it takes for one cycle to occur
Time
The unit of frequency is ____, which is abbreviated as _____
Hertz, Hz
Frequency is the number of ____ an acoustic variable goes through in a second
cycles
Acoustic variables include ____
Pressure, density, and particle motion
Ultrasound is sound with a frequency greater than _____
20,000 Hz
Sound is a traveling variation in quantities called _____ variables
Acoustic