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Sectional Anatomy > Fundamental Questions > Flashcards

Fundamental Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are some indications for an aorta evaluation?

A
  • Pulsating abdominal mass
  • Calcifications
  • Aneurysm
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2
Q

Risk Factors for an Aneurysm are:
- Over age ______
- Hx of _____ use
- _____tension
- Known ______ disease
- Family history of _______

A
  • 60
  • Tobacco
  • Hyper
  • Cardiovascular
  • AAA
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3
Q

The aorta originates from the ______ of the heart

A

Left ventricle

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4
Q

The Abdominal aorta begins when it _____ the ______

A

Pierces
Diaphragm

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5
Q

The ______ trunk is the first major branch

A

Celiac

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6
Q

The ______ is the next major branch

A

SMA

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7
Q

_______ arteries arise laterally

A

Renal

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8
Q

The celiac trunk is the _______ branch

A

First major

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9
Q

The SMA is the ______ branch

A

next major

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10
Q

Renal arteries arise ______

A

Laterally

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11
Q

The ______ arises near the bifurcation

A

IMA

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12
Q

The IMA arises near the ______

A

bifurcation

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13
Q

The aorta bifurcate into the _____

A

Iliac arteries

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14
Q

The _____ bifurcates into the Iliac arteries

A

Aorta

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15
Q

For the aorta we measure ______ to ____ wall

A

Outer
Outer

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16
Q

The ____ aorta lies deep in the abdomen

A

Proximal

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17
Q

The proximal aorta lies deep in the____

A

Abdomen

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18
Q

The proximal aorta is _____ in diameter

A

2-3 cm

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19
Q

The proximal aorta courses _____ and tapers in the ______ portion

A
  • Anteriorly
  • Inferior
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20
Q

PW angle should be kept at _____ degrees

A

60

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21
Q

For aorta measure ______

A

PSV

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22
Q

Aorta patient prep:
- NPO for ______
- ______ Transducer
- ______ Position

A
  • 6 hours
  • 2.5-4 MHz
  • Supine
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23
Q

What are possible echo indications?

A

-Chest pain
- Dyspnea
- Arrhythmia
- Cardiomegaly
- Infection
- Valve repair
- Valve replacement
- Congestive heart failure
- Syncope

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24
Q

What is the normal measurement for the aortic root end-diastolic?

A

2-3.7 cm

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25
Q

What is the normal measurement for ACS in systole?

A

1.5-2.6 cm

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26
Q

What is the normal measurement for the Left atrial end-diastolic dimension?

A

3-4 cm in men

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27
Q

The normal RVIDd measurement is ______

A

2-3 cm

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28
Q

The normal IVSd measurement is ______

A

0.6-1 cm

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29
Q

The normal LVIDd measurement is ______

A

4.2-5.8 cm

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30
Q

The normal LVIDs measurement is ______

A

2.5-4 cm

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31
Q

The normal LVPWd measurement is ______

A

0.6-1 cm

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32
Q

What is the ejection fraction equation?

A

EF% = ((LVIDd^3 - LVIDs^3) / LVIDd^3) x 100

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33
Q

Ejection fraction is the _______of ______ pumped out of ______ with each _______

A
  • Fraction
  • Blood
  • Heartbeat
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34
Q

Normal ejection fraction is ______

A

50-75%

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35
Q

What is the RVSP equation?

A

RVSP = TR + RA pressure

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36
Q

Normal RVSP is ______

A

15-30 mmHg

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37
Q

If the SPAP is less than _____ mmHg it is _____

A
  • 35
  • Normal
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38
Q

The distal aorta is _____ in diameter

A

1-1.5 cm

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39
Q

If the diameter is _____ than or _____ to ______ cm with an IVC collapsibility of ___ than_____% with sniff, then the RA is 3 mmHg

A
  • Less
  • Equal
  • More
  • 50
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40
Q

____ mmHg is normal RA pressure

A

3

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41
Q

If the diameter is _____ than ______ cm with an IVC collapsibility of ___ than_____% with sniff, then the RA is 15 mmHg

A
  • Greater
  • 2.1 cm
  • Less
  • 50
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42
Q

_____ is high RA pressure

A

15 mmHg

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43
Q

_____ is intermediate RA pressure

A

8 mmHg

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44
Q

Maximum pulmonic velocity should be ______ than _____

A
  • Less
  • 2 m/s
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45
Q

E wave is ______ than A wave

A

Taller

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46
Q

____ wave is taller than ___ wave

A
  • E
  • A
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47
Q

Normal aortic valve velocity should be ______ than _____

A
  • Less
  • 2 m/s
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48
Q

The _____ head vessels of the aortic arch are the ________

A
  • Three
  • Innominate arteries
  • Left CCA
  • Left Subclavian artery
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49
Q

What should be recorded before a pediatric scan?

A
  • Patient information
  • Height & weight
  • Oxygen saturation
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50
Q

Higher frequency = _____ penetration

A

Less

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51
Q

Lower frequency = _______ penetration

A

Higher

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52
Q

______ frequency = Less penetration

A

Higher

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53
Q

______ frequency = More penetration

A

Lower

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54
Q

______ frequency is ______ for small infants

A

-Higher
- Better

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55
Q

______ frequency is ______ for older children

A

-Lower
-Better

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56
Q

______ frequency is ______ for deeper structures

A
  • Lower
  • Better
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57
Q

______ frequency has a higher resolution

A

Higher

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58
Q

______ frequency has a lower resolution

A

Lower

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59
Q

What are some signs for a LEV exam?

A
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Redness
  • Erythema
  • Warmth
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60
Q

What is a DVT?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

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61
Q

Deep veins are paired with an _____

A

artery

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62
Q

Are superficial veins paired with an artery?

A

No

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63
Q

Deep veins are located ______ in ______ tissue

A

-Deep
- Muscular

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64
Q

Superficial veins are located _____ within muscular _____

A
  • Primarily
  • Fascia
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65
Q

Superficial veins carry _____ blood

A

Significantly less blood

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66
Q

Superficial veins _____ into the ____ system

A
  • Drain
  • Deep
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67
Q

What transducer is used for a LEV exam?

A
  • 5-7 MHz Linear
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68
Q

For LEV patient is positioned _____ with leg _____ rotated

A
  • Supine
  • Externally
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69
Q

For LEV bed is placed in ______

A

Reverse trendelenburg

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70
Q

Normal findings for LEV exam are:
- ______ lumen
- _______ veins
- ________ flow
- _________

A
  • Anechoic
  • Compressible
  • Spontaneous & Phasic
  • Augmentation
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71
Q

LEA Patient Prep:
- _____ fitting ____
- ______ room
- Patient in _____ state
- Remove patients ____ & _____
- Avoid ______ or _____ on day of exam

A
  • Loose
  • shorts
  • Basal
  • Shoes
  • Hosiery
  • Oils
  • Lotions
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72
Q

LEA Clinical Indications:
- _____ when walking in ________
- ______ pulses in ______
- _____ feet
- _________
- _________ rubor
- Prior history of _____

A
  • Pain, calf, thigh, or buttock
  • Decreased, Femoral, popliteal, pedal
  • Cold
  • Gangrene/necrosis
  • Dependant
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease
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73
Q

What is claudication?

A

Pain when walking

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74
Q

How should the patient be positioned for LEA?

A

Supine

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75
Q

What transducer is being used for LEA?

A

4-8 MHz pencil probe

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76
Q

The doppler probe angle should be _____ degrees

A

45-60

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77
Q

Normal LEA Doppler signals are _____

A

Triphasic

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78
Q

PVA and segmentals cuff placement is at the :
- _____ thigh
- _____ thigh
- _____ knee
- ______

A
  • High
  • Low
  • Below
  • Ankle
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79
Q

Bladder should be _____ wider than limb diameter

A

20%

80
Q

The three cuff method includes_______

A
  • Thigh
    -Below knee
  • Ankle
81
Q

Blood flow from the right side of the heart?

A
  • SVC, IVC, CS
  • Right atrium
  • TV
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonic valve
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Rt & Lt Pulmonary artery
  • Lungs
82
Q

Blood flow from the left side of the heart?

A
  • 4 PV
  • Lt atrium
  • Mitral valve
  • Lt ventricle
  • Aortic valve
  • Aorta
  • Body
83
Q

UEA Clinical Indications:
- Suspect UE __________ disease
- _________ Blood pressure difference _________
- Positional arm ______
- _________-emboli
- Arterial _______ disorders
- __________ disease
-_________ graph evaluation
- ______ artery ______

A
  • Atherosclerotic arterial
  • Bilateral
  • numbness/tingling
  • Athero
  • Vasospastic
  • Buerger’s
  • Pre-operative
  • Radial, harvesting
84
Q

What does PVR stand for?

A

Pulse volume recording

85
Q

The segmental pressure technique uses the ______ cuff method

A

3-4

86
Q

For segmental pressure, you would inflate _____ mmHg above last audible ________ signal

A
  • 20-30
  • Doppler
87
Q

For segmental pressure, you begin _____ at the ______

A
  • Distal
  • DPA & PTA
88
Q

During segmental pressure using the 4 cuff method systolic pressure is obtained from __________

A
  • Ankle
  • Calf
  • Low thigh
  • High thigh
89
Q

During segmental pressure using the 3 cuff method systolic pressure is obtained from __________

A
  • Ankle
  • Calf
  • Large thigh
90
Q

Ankle pressure should ______ or ______ brachial pressure

A
  • Equal
  • Exceed
91
Q

Ankle pressure is _____ by _____brachial pressure

A
  • Divided
  • Highest
92
Q

______ can be used to determine the extent of disease

A
  • Exercise
93
Q

Contraindications for brachial artery BP include:

A

-Mastectomy
- Dialysis access graft
- Anuerysm

94
Q

Normal ABI value is greater than ____

A

1

95
Q

greater than _____ is within normal ABI limits

A

0.9-1

96
Q

ABI values from ______ indicate mild ____ disease

A
  • 0.8-0.9
  • Arterial
97
Q

ABI values of _____ indicates claudication

A

0.5-0.8

98
Q

ABI values of less than _____ indicate rest pain

A

0.5

99
Q

An ABI of greater than _____ is considered incompressible

A

1.3-1.5

100
Q

What does PPG stand for?

A

Photoplethysmography

101
Q

For PPG diodes are attached at the ______

A

Toes

102
Q

______ is used to tell the difference between ______ vascular claudication & _______-claudication

A

-Exercise stress testing
- True
- pseudo

103
Q

A _____ treadmill is used in exercise stress testing

A

Constant load

104
Q

For exercise stress testing, treadmill speed needs to be ______ with a _____ grade

A

-1.5-2 mph
- 10%

105
Q

For exercise stress testing _____ minutes = standard walking time

A

5

106
Q

What do you do after exercise stress testing?

A

Take post-exercise ankle pressures ASAP

107
Q

Some treadmill contraindications are:
- Questionable _______ status
- Resting _______
- Poor ______
- _____ resting study

A
  • Cardiac
  • Ischemia
  • Ambulators
  • Normal
108
Q

_____ is crucial after exercise test

A

Time

109
Q

Post-exercise test we should ____ bilateral ankle pressure every _____ minutes for _____ minutes or until they return to _____

A
  • 2-3
  • 10
  • Normal
110
Q

Some maternal indications for a fetal echo are:
- ______ antibodies
- _________ diseases
- ______ fertilization
- Maternal _______ diseases
- ______ exposure

A
  • Autoimmune
  • Familial inherited
  • In vitro
  • metabolic
  • Teratogen
111
Q

Normal fetal heart rate is _____ bpm

A

120-180

111
Q

Some fetal indications are:
- _____ cardiac screening or heart rate
-First-degree relative with ______ heart disease
- Fetal _____ anomaly
- _____ fetalis
- Presence of _______ abnormalities
- _____ growth restriction
- Increased ________
- ______ twins

A
  • Abnormal
  • Congenital
  • Chromosomal
  • Hydrops
  • Extracardiac
  • Intrauterine
  • Nuchal translucency
  • Monochorionic
111
Q

UEV _____ blood from extremities to the heart

A

Returns

111
Q

Some UEV indications are:
- Arm or neck ______
- ______ embolus
- _____ cord
- _____ superficial veins in arm and shoulder
- Difficulty with ______ infusion

A
  • Pain and swelling
  • Pulmonary
  • Palpable
  • Dilated
  • Indwelling catheter
112
Q

What are the deep UEV?

A
  • Radial
  • Ulnar
  • Brachial
  • Axillary
  • Subclavian
  • Internal jugular
  • Brachiocephalic
  • Superior vena cava
113
Q

What are the superficial UEV?

A
  • Cephalic
  • Basilic
  • Median antecubital
114
Q

Normal UEV appearance should be:
- _____ vessels
- ______
- Color flow is _____ and _____ the heart
- _______

A
  • Anechoic
  • Compressible
  • Blue, towards
  • Augmentation
115
Q

What is a cerebral vascular accident?

A

A stroke

116
Q

What are some carotid indications?

A
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Syncope
  • Cerebrovascular accident/stroke
  • Transient Ischemic attack
  • Amaurosis fugax
  • Follow up from endarterectomy
117
Q

What carotid vessel feeds the face?

A

ECA

118
Q

What carotid vessel feeds the brain?

A

ICA

119
Q

The ECA is _____ to the ICA

A

Anterior/medial

120
Q

Is the ECA smaller than the ICA?

A

yes but not always

121
Q

What does the ECA have that the ICA doesn’t?

A

Extracranial branches

122
Q

The ICA is ______ to the ECA

A

Posterior/medial

123
Q

Is the ICA larger than the ECA?

A

Yes but not always

124
Q

Some waveform characteristics of CCA:
- ______ acceleration
- _____flow through _____

A
  • Sharp
  • Forward, diastole
125
Q

Some waveform characteristics of ICA:
- ______-resistant
- _____ rise in _____

A
  • Low
  • Sharp, systole
126
Q

Some waveform characteristics of ECA:
- ______-resistant
- _____ diastolic flow
- _____ upstroke
- _____ to baseline

A
  • High
  • Diminished
  • Sharp
  • Rapid decline
127
Q

A _____ allen test may be unreliable

A

standard

128
Q

An allen test determines _____ patency

A

palmar arch

129
Q

PPG works on a principle of ____ absorption

A

light

130
Q

PPG evaluates ____

A

Fingers

131
Q

PVR evaluates ____

A

Limbs

132
Q

PVR uses _____

A

Air

133
Q

______ arterial blood moving underneath the _____ = _____ analog waveform excursion

A
  • More
  • Bladder
  • Greater
134
Q

The PPg technique places cuffs on the _____

A

Upper & lower arm

135
Q

The PPG technique inflates cuffs ____ mmHg

A

40-60

136
Q

During PPG we should try to avoid ____

A

Patient movement

137
Q

Fetal circulation

A
  • Oxygenated blood
  • Umbilical vein
  • Ductus venosus
  • IVC
  • Rt atrium
  • SVC & Foramen ovale
  • SVC –> Rt ventricle
  • Foramen ovale –> Lt atrium
  • Rt ventricle –> Pulmonary trunk
  • Ductus arteriosus
  • Aorta
  • Deoxygenated blood
  • Umbilical arteries
  • Placenta
138
Q

After fetal delivery:
- The lungs begin ____
- The foramen ovale ____
- The Ductus arteriosus begins ___

A
  • Functioning
  • Closes
  • Constricting
139
Q

After birth, the umbilical veins/arteries become the _____

A

Ligamentum teres

140
Q

After birth, the ductus venosus becomes the _____

A

Ligamentum venosum

141
Q

After birth, the ductus arteriosus become the _____

A

Ligamentum arteriosus

142
Q

Fetal bradycardia occurs at _____

A

<100 bpm

143
Q

Fetal tachycardia occurs at____

A

> 180 bpm

144
Q

Apex points to fetal _____ side

A

left

145
Q

The moderator band is in the _____ ventricle

A

Right

146
Q

Ductal arch has a _____ angle and no ______ vessels

A
  • Sharper
  • Head or neck
147
Q

The _____ connects the cephalic and basilic veins

A

antecubital

148
Q

A palpable cord is a _____ in a ____ vein

A
  • Thrombosis
  • Superficial
149
Q

Augmentation is done to demonstrate ______

A

Patency

150
Q

UEV should have _____ & _____ flow

A
  • Phasic
  • Spontaneous
151
Q

The subclavian vein can have _____ flow

A

Pulsatile

152
Q

For a carotid exam check to see if patient has history of:

A
  • Diabetic
  • Smoker
  • Hypertension
  • Heart attack
  • Carotid surgery
  • Hyperlipidemia
153
Q

A linear _____ transducer is used for a carotid exam

A

5-7 MHz

154
Q

Endarterectomy is a surgery to remove _____

A

plaque

155
Q

Amaurosis fugax is the ______ in one or both eyes

A

loss of vision

156
Q

The temporal tap produces _____ in ECA

A

Oscillations

157
Q

Normal PSV in the ICA is _____

A

<180

158
Q

Normal EDV in the ICA is _____

A

<40

159
Q

Do we invert color at the vertebral artery?

A

No

160
Q

Flow in the verterbal artery has a _____velocity than other vessels

A

Lower

161
Q

The heart is located in the _____

A

Inferior mediastinum

162
Q

What’s the most anterior chamber?

A

Right ventricle

163
Q

What’s the most posterior chamber?

A

Left atrium

164
Q

What is the most right-sided chamber?

A

Right atrium

165
Q

What’s the most left-sided chamber?

A

Left ventricle

166
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A

Aortic & pulmonic valve

167
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Mitral and tricuspid valve

168
Q

What valves are open during diastole?

A

Mitral & tricuspid valves

169
Q

What valves are open during systole?

A

Aortic & pulmonic valves

170
Q

The pulmonic valve is the. most _____

A

Anterior & superior

171
Q

The aortic valve is the most ____

A

Medial

172
Q

_____ take blood to the heart

A

Veins

173
Q

______ take blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

174
Q

When in PLAX the indicator should be pointing to the patients ____ shoulder in the ____ position

A
  • Right
  • 10’ o clock
175
Q

To find RVIT angle transducer ____

A

inferiorly

176
Q

What is the Bernoullis equation?

A

P = 4v^2

177
Q

To find RVOT we would angle ____

A

Superiorly

178
Q

The pulmonic valve is _____ to the aortic valve

A

Anterior

179
Q

To get 5CH view ______

A

drop your tail

180
Q

IVC collapsibility is determined using the ____ test

A

sniff

181
Q

The size of the IVC should be less than or equal to ____

A

2.1 cm

182
Q

For the SSN the indicator should be turned toward the ____ position

A

1-2 o’ clock

183
Q

Bicaval view is when we see both the ______

A

SVC & IVC

184
Q

What drains into the RA?

A
  • SVC
  • IVC
  • Coronary sinus
185
Q

PEDS subcostal-transducer indicator is in the ____ position

A

4:30

186
Q

Right coronary artery comes off the _____

A

RCC

187
Q

Left coronary artery comes off the _____

A

LCC

188
Q

LEA Doppler probe should be ____ degrees

A

45-60

189
Q

Normal LEA Doppler signals are _____

A

Triphasic

190
Q

Triphasic = _____ pulsatility

A

High

191
Q

Biphasic = _______ pulsatility

A

Medium

192
Q

Monophasic = ______ pulsatility

A

Low

193
Q

Limb cuffs have to be ______

A

Uniform

Sectional Anatomy (19 decks)

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