Fundamental Questions Flashcards
What are some indications for an aorta evaluation?
- Pulsating abdominal mass
- Calcifications
- Aneurysm
Risk Factors for an Aneurysm are:
- Over age ______
- Hx of _____ use
- _____tension
- Known ______ disease
- Family history of _______
- 60
- Tobacco
- Hyper
- Cardiovascular
- AAA
The aorta originates from the ______ of the heart
Left ventricle
The Abdominal aorta begins when it _____ the ______
Pierces
Diaphragm
The ______ trunk is the first major branch
Celiac
The ______ is the next major branch
SMA
_______ arteries arise laterally
Renal
The celiac trunk is the _______ branch
First major
The SMA is the ______ branch
next major
Renal arteries arise ______
Laterally
The ______ arises near the bifurcation
IMA
The IMA arises near the ______
bifurcation
The aorta bifurcate into the _____
Iliac arteries
The _____ bifurcates into the Iliac arteries
Aorta
For the aorta we measure ______ to ____ wall
Outer
Outer
The ____ aorta lies deep in the abdomen
Proximal
The proximal aorta lies deep in the____
Abdomen
The proximal aorta is _____ in diameter
2-3 cm
The proximal aorta courses _____ and tapers in the ______ portion
- Anteriorly
- Inferior
PW angle should be kept at _____ degrees
60
For aorta measure ______
PSV
Aorta patient prep:
- NPO for ______
- ______ Transducer
- ______ Position
- 6 hours
- 2.5-4 MHz
- Supine
What are possible echo indications?
-Chest pain
- Dyspnea
- Arrhythmia
- Cardiomegaly
- Infection
- Valve repair
- Valve replacement
- Congestive heart failure
- Syncope
What is the normal measurement for the aortic root end-diastolic?
2-3.7 cm
What is the normal measurement for ACS in systole?
1.5-2.6 cm
What is the normal measurement for the Left atrial end-diastolic dimension?
3-4 cm in men
The normal RVIDd measurement is ______
2-3 cm
The normal IVSd measurement is ______
0.6-1 cm
The normal LVIDd measurement is ______
4.2-5.8 cm
The normal LVIDs measurement is ______
2.5-4 cm
The normal LVPWd measurement is ______
0.6-1 cm
What is the ejection fraction equation?
EF% = ((LVIDd^3 - LVIDs^3) / LVIDd^3) x 100
Ejection fraction is the _______of ______ pumped out of ______ with each _______
- Fraction
- Blood
- Heartbeat
Normal ejection fraction is ______
50-75%
What is the RVSP equation?
RVSP = TR + RA pressure
Normal RVSP is ______
15-30 mmHg
If the SPAP is less than _____ mmHg it is _____
- 35
- Normal
The distal aorta is _____ in diameter
1-1.5 cm
If the diameter is _____ than or _____ to ______ cm with an IVC collapsibility of ___ than_____% with sniff, then the RA is 3 mmHg
- Less
- Equal
- More
- 50
____ mmHg is normal RA pressure
3
If the diameter is _____ than ______ cm with an IVC collapsibility of ___ than_____% with sniff, then the RA is 15 mmHg
- Greater
- 2.1 cm
- Less
- 50
_____ is high RA pressure
15 mmHg
_____ is intermediate RA pressure
8 mmHg
Maximum pulmonic velocity should be ______ than _____
- Less
- 2 m/s
E wave is ______ than A wave
Taller
____ wave is taller than ___ wave
- E
- A
Normal aortic valve velocity should be ______ than _____
- Less
- 2 m/s
The _____ head vessels of the aortic arch are the ________
- Three
- Innominate arteries
- Left CCA
- Left Subclavian artery
What should be recorded before a pediatric scan?
- Patient information
- Height & weight
- Oxygen saturation
Higher frequency = _____ penetration
Less
Lower frequency = _______ penetration
Higher
______ frequency = Less penetration
Higher
______ frequency = More penetration
Lower
______ frequency is ______ for small infants
-Higher
- Better
______ frequency is ______ for older children
-Lower
-Better
______ frequency is ______ for deeper structures
- Lower
- Better
______ frequency has a higher resolution
Higher
______ frequency has a lower resolution
Lower
What are some signs for a LEV exam?
- Swelling
- Pain
- Redness
- Erythema
- Warmth
What is a DVT?
Deep vein thrombosis
Deep veins are paired with an _____
artery
Are superficial veins paired with an artery?
No
Deep veins are located ______ in ______ tissue
-Deep
- Muscular
Superficial veins are located _____ within muscular _____
- Primarily
- Fascia
Superficial veins carry _____ blood
Significantly less blood
Superficial veins _____ into the ____ system
- Drain
- Deep
What transducer is used for a LEV exam?
- 5-7 MHz Linear
For LEV patient is positioned _____ with leg _____ rotated
- Supine
- Externally
For LEV bed is placed in ______
Reverse trendelenburg
Normal findings for LEV exam are:
- ______ lumen
- _______ veins
- ________ flow
- _________
- Anechoic
- Compressible
- Spontaneous & Phasic
- Augmentation
LEA Patient Prep:
- _____ fitting ____
- ______ room
- Patient in _____ state
- Remove patients ____ & _____
- Avoid ______ or _____ on day of exam
- Loose
- shorts
- Basal
- Shoes
- Hosiery
- Oils
- Lotions
LEA Clinical Indications:
- _____ when walking in ________
- ______ pulses in ______
- _____ feet
- _________
- _________ rubor
- Prior history of _____
- Pain, calf, thigh, or buttock
- Decreased, Femoral, popliteal, pedal
- Cold
- Gangrene/necrosis
- Dependant
- Peripheral Arterial Disease
What is claudication?
Pain when walking
How should the patient be positioned for LEA?
Supine
What transducer is being used for LEA?
4-8 MHz pencil probe
The doppler probe angle should be _____ degrees
45-60
Normal LEA Doppler signals are _____
Triphasic
PVA and segmentals cuff placement is at the :
- _____ thigh
- _____ thigh
- _____ knee
- ______
- High
- Low
- Below
- Ankle
Bladder should be _____ wider than limb diameter
20%
The three cuff method includes_______
- Thigh
-Below knee - Ankle
Blood flow from the right side of the heart?
- SVC, IVC, CS
- Right atrium
- TV
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonic valve
- Pulmonary artery
- Rt & Lt Pulmonary artery
- Lungs
Blood flow from the left side of the heart?
- 4 PV
- Lt atrium
- Mitral valve
- Lt ventricle
- Aortic valve
- Aorta
- Body
UEA Clinical Indications:
- Suspect UE __________ disease
- _________ Blood pressure difference _________
- Positional arm ______
- _________-emboli
- Arterial _______ disorders
- __________ disease
-_________ graph evaluation
- ______ artery ______
- Atherosclerotic arterial
- Bilateral
- numbness/tingling
- Athero
- Vasospastic
- Buerger’s
- Pre-operative
- Radial, harvesting
What does PVR stand for?
Pulse volume recording
The segmental pressure technique uses the ______ cuff method
3-4
For segmental pressure, you would inflate _____ mmHg above last audible ________ signal
- 20-30
- Doppler
For segmental pressure, you begin _____ at the ______
- Distal
- DPA & PTA
During segmental pressure using the 4 cuff method systolic pressure is obtained from __________
- Ankle
- Calf
- Low thigh
- High thigh
During segmental pressure using the 3 cuff method systolic pressure is obtained from __________
- Ankle
- Calf
- Large thigh
Ankle pressure should ______ or ______ brachial pressure
- Equal
- Exceed
Ankle pressure is _____ by _____brachial pressure
- Divided
- Highest
______ can be used to determine the extent of disease
- Exercise
Contraindications for brachial artery BP include:
-Mastectomy
- Dialysis access graft
- Anuerysm
Normal ABI value is greater than ____
1
greater than _____ is within normal ABI limits
0.9-1
ABI values from ______ indicate mild ____ disease
- 0.8-0.9
- Arterial
ABI values of _____ indicates claudication
0.5-0.8
ABI values of less than _____ indicate rest pain
0.5
An ABI of greater than _____ is considered incompressible
1.3-1.5
What does PPG stand for?
Photoplethysmography
For PPG diodes are attached at the ______
Toes
______ is used to tell the difference between ______ vascular claudication & _______-claudication
-Exercise stress testing
- True
- pseudo
A _____ treadmill is used in exercise stress testing
Constant load
For exercise stress testing, treadmill speed needs to be ______ with a _____ grade
-1.5-2 mph
- 10%
For exercise stress testing _____ minutes = standard walking time
5
What do you do after exercise stress testing?
Take post-exercise ankle pressures ASAP
Some treadmill contraindications are:
- Questionable _______ status
- Resting _______
- Poor ______
- _____ resting study
- Cardiac
- Ischemia
- Ambulators
- Normal
_____ is crucial after exercise test
Time
Post-exercise test we should ____ bilateral ankle pressure every _____ minutes for _____ minutes or until they return to _____
- 2-3
- 10
- Normal
Some maternal indications for a fetal echo are:
- ______ antibodies
- _________ diseases
- ______ fertilization
- Maternal _______ diseases
- ______ exposure
- Autoimmune
- Familial inherited
- In vitro
- metabolic
- Teratogen
Normal fetal heart rate is _____ bpm
120-180
Some fetal indications are:
- _____ cardiac screening or heart rate
-First-degree relative with ______ heart disease
- Fetal _____ anomaly
- _____ fetalis
- Presence of _______ abnormalities
- _____ growth restriction
- Increased ________
- ______ twins
- Abnormal
- Congenital
- Chromosomal
- Hydrops
- Extracardiac
- Intrauterine
- Nuchal translucency
- Monochorionic
UEV _____ blood from extremities to the heart
Returns
Some UEV indications are:
- Arm or neck ______
- ______ embolus
- _____ cord
- _____ superficial veins in arm and shoulder
- Difficulty with ______ infusion
- Pain and swelling
- Pulmonary
- Palpable
- Dilated
- Indwelling catheter
What are the deep UEV?
- Radial
- Ulnar
- Brachial
- Axillary
- Subclavian
- Internal jugular
- Brachiocephalic
- Superior vena cava
What are the superficial UEV?
- Cephalic
- Basilic
- Median antecubital
Normal UEV appearance should be:
- _____ vessels
- ______
- Color flow is _____ and _____ the heart
- _______
- Anechoic
- Compressible
- Blue, towards
- Augmentation
What is a cerebral vascular accident?
A stroke
What are some carotid indications?
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Syncope
- Cerebrovascular accident/stroke
- Transient Ischemic attack
- Amaurosis fugax
- Follow up from endarterectomy
What carotid vessel feeds the face?
ECA
What carotid vessel feeds the brain?
ICA
The ECA is _____ to the ICA
Anterior/medial
Is the ECA smaller than the ICA?
yes but not always
What does the ECA have that the ICA doesn’t?
Extracranial branches
The ICA is ______ to the ECA
Posterior/medial
Is the ICA larger than the ECA?
Yes but not always
Some waveform characteristics of CCA:
- ______ acceleration
- _____flow through _____
- Sharp
- Forward, diastole
Some waveform characteristics of ICA:
- ______-resistant
- _____ rise in _____
- Low
- Sharp, systole
Some waveform characteristics of ECA:
- ______-resistant
- _____ diastolic flow
- _____ upstroke
- _____ to baseline
- High
- Diminished
- Sharp
- Rapid decline
A _____ allen test may be unreliable
standard
An allen test determines _____ patency
palmar arch
PPG works on a principle of ____ absorption
light
PPG evaluates ____
Fingers
PVR evaluates ____
Limbs
PVR uses _____
Air
______ arterial blood moving underneath the _____ = _____ analog waveform excursion
- More
- Bladder
- Greater
The PPg technique places cuffs on the _____
Upper & lower arm
The PPG technique inflates cuffs ____ mmHg
40-60
During PPG we should try to avoid ____
Patient movement
Fetal circulation
- Oxygenated blood
- Umbilical vein
- Ductus venosus
- IVC
- Rt atrium
- SVC & Foramen ovale
- SVC –> Rt ventricle
- Foramen ovale –> Lt atrium
- Rt ventricle –> Pulmonary trunk
- Ductus arteriosus
- Aorta
- Deoxygenated blood
- Umbilical arteries
- Placenta
After fetal delivery:
- The lungs begin ____
- The foramen ovale ____
- The Ductus arteriosus begins ___
- Functioning
- Closes
- Constricting
After birth, the umbilical veins/arteries become the _____
Ligamentum teres
After birth, the ductus venosus becomes the _____
Ligamentum venosum
After birth, the ductus arteriosus become the _____
Ligamentum arteriosus
Fetal bradycardia occurs at _____
<100 bpm
Fetal tachycardia occurs at____
> 180 bpm
Apex points to fetal _____ side
left
The moderator band is in the _____ ventricle
Right
Ductal arch has a _____ angle and no ______ vessels
- Sharper
- Head or neck
The _____ connects the cephalic and basilic veins
antecubital
A palpable cord is a _____ in a ____ vein
- Thrombosis
- Superficial
Augmentation is done to demonstrate ______
Patency
UEV should have _____ & _____ flow
- Phasic
- Spontaneous
The subclavian vein can have _____ flow
Pulsatile
For a carotid exam check to see if patient has history of:
- Diabetic
- Smoker
- Hypertension
- Heart attack
- Carotid surgery
- Hyperlipidemia
A linear _____ transducer is used for a carotid exam
5-7 MHz
Endarterectomy is a surgery to remove _____
plaque
Amaurosis fugax is the ______ in one or both eyes
loss of vision
The temporal tap produces _____ in ECA
Oscillations
Normal PSV in the ICA is _____
<180
Normal EDV in the ICA is _____
<40
Do we invert color at the vertebral artery?
No
Flow in the verterbal artery has a _____velocity than other vessels
Lower
The heart is located in the _____
Inferior mediastinum
What’s the most anterior chamber?
Right ventricle
What’s the most posterior chamber?
Left atrium
What is the most right-sided chamber?
Right atrium
What’s the most left-sided chamber?
Left ventricle
What are the two semilunar valves?
Aortic & pulmonic valve
What are the two atrioventricular valves?
Mitral and tricuspid valve
What valves are open during diastole?
Mitral & tricuspid valves
What valves are open during systole?
Aortic & pulmonic valves
The pulmonic valve is the. most _____
Anterior & superior
The aortic valve is the most ____
Medial
_____ take blood to the heart
Veins
______ take blood away from the heart
Arteries
When in PLAX the indicator should be pointing to the patients ____ shoulder in the ____ position
- Right
- 10’ o clock
To find RVIT angle transducer ____
inferiorly
What is the Bernoullis equation?
P = 4v^2
To find RVOT we would angle ____
Superiorly
The pulmonic valve is _____ to the aortic valve
Anterior
To get 5CH view ______
drop your tail
IVC collapsibility is determined using the ____ test
sniff
The size of the IVC should be less than or equal to ____
2.1 cm
For the SSN the indicator should be turned toward the ____ position
1-2 o’ clock
Bicaval view is when we see both the ______
SVC & IVC
What drains into the RA?
- SVC
- IVC
- Coronary sinus
PEDS subcostal-transducer indicator is in the ____ position
4:30
Right coronary artery comes off the _____
RCC
Left coronary artery comes off the _____
LCC
LEA Doppler probe should be ____ degrees
45-60
Normal LEA Doppler signals are _____
Triphasic
Triphasic = _____ pulsatility
High
Biphasic = _______ pulsatility
Medium
Monophasic = ______ pulsatility
Low
Limb cuffs have to be ______
Uniform
