RAD 1 Study Flashcards
Left Lateral Chest: The MSP is ______ with the IR and the CR is _______ to the mid-coronal at the level of T7
- Parallel
- Perpendicular
PA & Left Lateral Chest: The SID is ______
72 inch
Left Lateral Chest: The IR is _____ inches _____ shoulders
- 1 1/2
- Above
PA Chest: The CR is ______ to the MSP and at the level of _____
- Perpendicular
- T7
PA Chest: The IR is _____ above relaxed shoulders
1 1/2-2 inches
The ________ of scapula is at T7
inferior angle
Recommended SID for chest is at least _____ to minimize ______ of the heart and _____ recorded detail
- 72 inches
- Magnification
- Increase
Exposures are made after the ______
2nd deep inspiration
Two seperate radiographs are taken on one _______ and ______
- Inspiration
- Expiration
Chest: Important to get two veiws _____ apart
90 degrees
The mediastinum is the area of the _____ bounded by the sternum _____, spine ____, and lungs _____
- Thorax
- Anteriorly
- Posteriorly
- Laterally
Lungs are enclosed in ____
Pleura
Pleura is ______
a double walled serous membrane
Inner layer of pleura is called
Visceral pleura
Outer layer of pleura is called
Parietal pleura
The right lung has ____ lobes
3
The left lung has ____ lobes
2
The medial border of the lungs are
Hilum
The right lung is ____ shorter than the left
1 inch
The lungs move _____ during inspiration and _____ during expiration
- Inferiorly
- Superiorly
The right primary bronchus is _____,______, and more ______ than the left
- shorter
- wider
- vertical
What makes it easier for foreign bodies to enter the right bronchus?
Position and size
Terminal bronchioles communicate with the _____
alveolar ducts
How many cartilage rings does the trachea have?
16-20
The trachea lies in ____ and is _____ to the esophagus
- Midline
- Anterior
Whats the purpose of the respiratory system?
The exchange of gaseous substances between the air and the blood
What seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
The ____ is where the heart is
pericardial
The space between the two pleural cavities is called the ______
mediastinum
What does body habitus determine?
The shape, position, and movement of internal organs
Whats intermediate between sthenic and asthenic?
Hyposthenic
- manmade form of electromagnetic energy
- travel in bundles of energy known as photons
- known as ionizing radiation
X-Rays
What are some properties of x-rays?
- Electromagnetic radiation that moves at the speed of light
- Travels in straight lines
- Diverges from its source
As the beam diverges it becomes less ____
Intense
What is the SID?
Source to image distance
What is the SOD?
Source to object distance
What is the OID?
Object to image distance
What do x-rays do as they exit the tube?
Diverge and spread
What is beam intensity?
The total amount of energy through a unit area in a given time
As the distance from the source _____ the intensity ____
- Increases
- Decreases
Distance and intensity have a _____ relationship
inverse
Define ethics
The systematic study of rightness and wrongness of human conduct and character as known by natural reason
Ethics is the system of a code of ________ advocated by a particular individual or group
conduct and morals
Ethics are not determined by _______
strict rules or rigid guidelines
Ethics is based on _____
individual conceptions of right and wrong
what are professional ethics?
The standard of conduct expected from members of a profession
What are medical ethics?
A set of principles that guides practitioners in making informed choices about the delivery of healthcare
What is the code of ethics?
An articulated statement of role morality as seen by the members of a profession
Informed consent requires the physician to explain in _______
Understandable language
What is essential for a patient to give informed consent?
Adequate information
In greek autos means ____ and nomos means _____
- Self
- Governance or control
What is Autonomy?
A persons self reliance, independence, liberty rights, privacy, individual choice, freedom of will and the contained ability to decide
What is Respondeat Superior?
The employer is responsible for the actions of the employee
What is Res Ipsa Loquitur?
The things speaks for itself
What is negligence?
An unintentional tort involving duty, breach of duty, injury and causation
What is confidentiality?
The duty of health care providers to protect the privacy of patient information
What is HIPAA?
The protection of confidentiality of individual identifiably health information
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
What is a breach of confidentiality?
Not maintaining the obligation to keep medical and personal information about patients in confidence
What is a tort?
A private or civil wrong which the court provides a remedy in the form of an action for damages
What is the difference between assault and battery?
Assault is a threat without physically touching someone while battery is touching without consent
What is false imprisonment?
Unlawful confinement
What is defamation?
The making of a false statement thats harmful to anothers reputation
Whats the difference between slander and libel?
Slander is oral and Libel is written
Whats confidentiality?
Maintaining privacy
What is veracity?
Truthfulness
Whats Beneficence?
Process of helping someone
Whats Nonmaleficence?
The passive process of not harming a person while providing aid
Whats Nonconseuqntialism?
The determination of right or wrong acts according to the morality of the act and not the consequence
Whats morals?
Generally accepted customs, principles, or habits of right living & conduct in a society
Whats values?
Ideals and customs of a society toward which the members of a group have an affective regard
What does the ARRT stand for?
The American Registry of Radiologic Technologist
What is the ARRT Code of Ethics?
Consideration of various aspects of the imaging professionals role in health care
When was HIPAA enacted?
1996
HIPAA provides the ability to ______ american workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs
transfer and continue health insurance coverage
When considering HIPAA mandates:
- This law mandates standards for healthcare information on _______,______, ______
- Requires the ______ and ____ handling of protected health information
- Electronic billing
- Electronic medical records
- other processes
- protection
- confidential
What was life like before HIPAA?
- Lacked _____
- ______ from state to state
- _______ within health care organizations
- Uniformity
- Varied
- Inconcsistencies
What does PHI stand for?
Protected health information
Whats the “minimum necessary rule”?
A need to know basis
What are the consequences for breaking the “minimum necessary rule”?
- Termination
- Severe government penalties
The history of medicine dates back ______ in ______
- 5000 years ago
- Egypt and Mesopotamia
Medicine was practiced in combination with ______
Religious beliefs
What potent drugs that was used in ancient egypt are still used today?
Castor oil and opium
Where were the prehistoric skulls found?
Europe and south america
Who was the father of western medicine?
Hippocrates
Whats the hippocratic oath?
A high standard of ethical conduct
What did hippocrates emphasize?
The importance of observing the patient
What was medicine largely controlled by?
Religion
What did the Romans construct?
Aqueducts, baths, sewers, and hospitals
In the early _____ physicians required _____ in england
- 1500’s
- Licensures
Who described bacteria in the 17th century?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch zoologist)
Who was the first to demonstrate the function of the heart and circulation of blood?
William Harvey (English physicist)
Who laid the foundation of modern medicine?
William Harvey (English physicist)
When did surgery become an experimental science?
18th century
In the 18th century Mental health ____ and the _____ were introduced
- reforms
- Heart drug “digitalis”
Who introduced the smallpox vaccine and led to the field of immunology in 1796?
Edward Jenner (English physician)
In the 19th century who discovered pasteurization and that germs cause disease?
Louis Pasteur (french chemist)
Who developed the foundation for modern nursing in the 19th century?
Florence Nightingale (English Nurse)
Who discovered x-rays?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (German physicist)
When were x-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
In ____ insulin was developed by two ____
- 1921
- Canadian doctors
In 1928 who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming (Scottish bacteriologist)
in 1953 who discovered DNA?
Francis Crick & James Watson?
the first successful kidney transplant happened in ___
1954
In 1955 who discovered the vaccine for polio?
Jonas Salk
In 1967 who completed the first open heart transplant surgery?
Christiaan Barnard
In 1982 ______ implanted the first artificial heart into retired dentist, _______
- William DeVries
- Barney Clark
Roentgen experimented with ______rays with a _____ glass tube
- Cathode (electrons)
- Crookes
Who was the first radiographer?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Did Roentgen patent his work?
No
When did Roentgen submit his report “A New Kind of Rays”?
December 28, 1895
What was the first x-ray?
Roentgens wifes hand
Who were the pioneers of radiology?
- Benjamin Franklin
-Thomas Edison - Marie & Piere Curie
Which radiological pioneer conducted electrical experiments?
Benjamin Franklin
Which radiological pioneer focused on fluoroscopy?
Thomas Edison
Who was the first to die from radiation-induced cancer?
Clarence Dally
Which radiological pioneer worked with radium?
Marie and Piere Curie
What does the ASRT stand for?
American Society of Radiologic Technology
What does the RSNA stand for?
The Radiological Society of North America
What does the FSRT stand for?
Florida Society of Radiologic Technologist
What does JCAHO stand for?
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
What does the DNV stand for?
Det Norske Verits
What does JRCERT stand for?
The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology
What organization accredits radiography programs?
JRCERT
what organization inspects and accredits hospitals?
JCAHO
What does the ARRT do?
Certifies eligible candidates
When does the ARRT exam occur?
Every 10 years
What administers radiation for therapeutic purposes?
Radiation therapy
What uses x-rays and high speed computers to visualize multiple body planes?
CT
What is the examination using x-rays to image breast tissue?
Mammography
what uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate sectional images?
MRI
What uses fluoroscopic images to examine blood vessels using contrast media?
Angiography
What uses radioactive materials for diagnostic & therapeutic purposes?
Nuclear Medicine
what visualizes internal organs in motion?
Fluroscopy
What is energy that is transmitted by waves through space or through a medium called?
Radiation
What is higher energy possess the ability to ionize atoms in matter called?
Ionization
In ionization neutral atoms ____ or ____ an atom
- gains
- loses
What are photographic qualities?
- Receptor exposure (density)
- Contrast
What are geometric qualities?
- Spatial resolution
- Distortion
Whats affects visibility of image?
Photographic qualities
what affects sharpness and accuracy of image?
Geometric qualities
What affects the quantity?
mAs
What affects the quality?
kVp
What are facts that influence receptor exposure?
- mAs
- Patient factors
- kVp
- Distance
- Beam modification
- Grids
Whats the controlling factor of receptor exposure?
mAs
What is the overall blackness of the radiograph called?
Density
what are receptor exposure patient factors?
- Patient thickness
- Atomic # of materials
- Pathology
What determines the highest energy level within the beam?
kVp
As kVp _____ receptor exposure ______ but not in direct ____
- Increases
- Increases
- Proportion
Increasing the kVp by 15% ____ receptor exposure
doubles
If you _____ mAs you ____ receptor exposure
- Double
- Double
What is beam modification?
Anything that changes the nature of the beam before reaching the patient
What does filtration use?
Attenuating material (usually aluminum)
What does filtration do?
Removes low energy, non-diagnostic photons
What does collimating do?
It confines the x-ray beam to area of interest
What are grids?
A device used to remove or absorb scatter
What do grids consist of?
Many lead strips separated by radiolucent material
where are grids placed?
Between patient and image receptor
The ____ the ratio, the ____ the receptor exposure
- Higher
- lower
What is the ratio between lead strips and the distance between them?
5:1 to 16:1
What are factors that influence contrast?
- kVp
- Patient thickness
- Contrast media
- mAs
- X-ray beam modification
- Grids
What is the gray scale?
Visible differences in density
____ kVp = _____ contrast
- Low
- High
High contrast is better for ____
looking at bones
Low contrast is better for ____
Looking at organs
Whats the controlling factor of contrast?
kVp
____ in kVp = ____ in penetrability
- Increase
- Increase
kVp is _____ proportional to contrast
Inversely
The ____ the tissue density and thickness, the _____ scatter is produced
- Greater
- More
Barium, Iodine, and air are examples of ____
Contrast media
Beam modification devices are primarily used to reduce _____
Scatter
Scatter causes ____ resulting in loss of gray tones
Fog
Using beam modification = ____
Higher contrast
____ scatter = ______ contrast
- Decrease
- Increase
whats the definition of spatial resolution?
Sharpness with which and objects borders and structural details are represented on a images
Spatial resolution is also known as_____
Sharpness of detail/definition
What is spatial resolution affected by?
- Motion
- Object unsharpness
- Focal spot size
- SID
- OID
whats the most common cause of radiographic unsharpness?
Motion
How to decrease radiographic unsharpness?
Minimize by sharp exposure time
Motion unsharpness is when you’re trying to represent a _____ image as a ______ image
- 3-D
- 2-D
How can motion unsharpness be lessened?
- Small focal spot size
- Greater SID
- Smaller OID
____ focal spot = ____ spatial resolution
- Small
- Better
Whats the definition of an Umbra?
True edge of an images object
Definition of Penumbra
Fuzzy edge of an images object
______ the SID the ______ the image = _____ spatial resolution
- Greater
- Sharper
- Better
____ OID = _____ Spatial resolution
- Smaller
- Better
When an object moves ____ to the IR, penumbra _____ and sharpness _____
- Closer
- Decreases
- Increases
Whats distortion?
Misrepresentation of the true size or shape of an object
What are the two sizes of distortion?
- Size distortion
- Shape Distortion
what is size distortion affected by?
SID and OID
Size distortion = ______
Magnification
Size distortion: Best image = _____ SID & _____ OID
- Large
- Small
What is shape distortion controlled by?
- Beam
- Anatomical part
- IR
Radiation is _____ & ______ energy
- Light
- Pure
What kind of properties does radiation have?
wave and photon like
Radiation travels at the _____
Speed of light
Radiation has an _____ & ____ field
- Electric
- magnetic
What is ionizing radiation?
high energy radiation with the ability to create ions
Whats Non-ionizing radiation?
Low energy radiation only capable of transferring heat
radiation can cause the ____ of electrons from atoms
Ejection
Loss of electrons results in ____
Ionization
Ionization can have _____ effects
Biologic
Whats cosmic radiation?
The sun and other planetary bodies
Whats terrestrial radiation?
Uranium & Radium
What does radon account for?
~74% of natural exposure and 37% of annual background exposure
What are radioisotopes and radionuclides?
Stuff like bananas, chocolate, and other naturally existing nucleotides in the human body
What are some human made sources of radiation?
- Medical
- Nuclear Industry
- Radioisotopes & Radionuclides
What is the largest source of ionizing radiation?
Medical
Conditions necessary for x-ray production:
1. ____ of electrons
2. Means for setting them in _____ motion
3. Mechanism for ______ them abruptly
- Source
- High speed
- Decelerating
X-ray tube is a ____ tube
Diode
The glass envelope is the x-ray tube maintains a ____
vacuum
The x-ray beam is_____
heterogeneous
The energy of beam is expressed in ____
keV
Definition of primary beam
The x-ray beam leaving the tube toward the patient
Whats the difference between transmission and attenuation?
Transmission: When the beam passes through with no energy loss
Attenuation: total absorption or scattering interactions with modified or unmodified energy
What is the main component of scattering?
Compton Scattering
what interactions are apart of keV?
- Classic coherent scattering
- Photoelectric interaction
- Compton scattering
What interaction are apart of meV?
- Pair production
- Photodisintegration
Coherent scattering involves very ______ x-rays
low energy
Does ionization occur with coherent scattering?
No
During coherent scattering the x-ray interacts with the atom as a ______
Whole
The photoelectric effect is responsible for the _______ contribution to patient expose or dose
Largest
Photoelectric Effect: The incoming x-ray photon is _______ by collision with _____ electron
- Completely absorbed
- Inner-shell
Compton Scattering: Incoming photon collides with _____ electron, creating a free compton electron and and _____ pair
- outer shell
- Ion
Most occupation exposure is from _______
Compton scattering
The SI units were officially adopted in ____
1985
what are the three most popular dosimeters?
- Direct Ion storage dosimeter
- Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter
- Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters use ______ and is more _____
1, Lithium fluoride crystal
2. Convenient
TLD’s are ______ and very sensitive to _____ of exposure
- reusable
- low levels
Pocket Dosimeters give an immediate ______
Readout
Which dosimeter requires access to the computer?
The pocket (DIS) dosimeter
The exposure in the DIS causes ______ in gas that is collected with the cummalitive charge being stored in a _____
- Ionizations
- computer chip
The most commonly used and convienient dosmieter is the ______
Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter
The OSL measures______
x-ray and gamma radiation
The OSL doesnt give an ______ readout of exposure
Immediate
The OSL had a wide range of exposure ______
Sensitivity
The dose limit for pregnancy term is _____ mSv
5
What are the cardinal rule of protection towards professional?
- Time
- Distance
- Sheilding
What are the cardinal rules of protection towards a patient?
- X-ray beam restriction
- Filtration
- Optimum exposure technique selection
Exposure is not a measure of ________
absorbed exposure
Exposure (X) measure exposure in _____
air
Whats Air Kerma?
Kinetic energy released in matter
what replaces the tradional unit of exposure (X)?
Air Kerma
Total kinetic energy is released in a ________
Unit mass of air
1 J/kg = 1 ____
Gray (GY)
Air Kerma is seen in _______ and is measure in ______
- Fluroscopic tools
- Real time
GY is the _____
absorbed dose
whats is the equivalent dose expressed as?
Sievert (Sv)
The product of absorbed dose (GY) x _____
QF
The QF of x-ray is ______
1
Effective dose is expressed as ______
Sievert (Sv)
Standards of exposure are regulated by the _____
FDA and CDRH
The annual whole body effective dose limit for occupation workers is _______
50 mSv
What theories are effective dose limits based on?
- Risk vs benefit
- Nonthreshold dose response
What are the two major parts of a cell?
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
80% of cell content is _____
water
What are two classes of human cells?
- Somatic
- Germ
Somatic cells divide through ____
Mitosis
Germ cells divide through _____
Meiosis
Somatic cells are ______ cells
Mature
Germ cells are _____
Immature cells
Somatic cells:
- Preform ____ of the bodys functions
- Contains ____ chromosomes
- Most
- 46
Germ cells:
- Primary function is _____
- Contains _____ chromosomes
- reproduction
- 23
Germ cells are the most _____
Radiosensitive
