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Sectional Anatomy > Contrast Media > Flashcards

Contrast Media Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of contrast media?

A
  • Radiolucent (negative)
  • Radiopaque (positive)
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2
Q

How many types of contrast media is there?

A

2

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3
Q

what type of contrast media is radiolucent?

A

Negative

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4
Q

What type of contrast media is radiopaque?

A

Positive

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5
Q

What is the purpose of contrast media?

A
  • Visualize anatomic detail
  • Distinguish between radiographic densities in anatomic tissues
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6
Q

What is contrast media?

A

Diagnostic agents that are instilled into body orifices or injected into the vascular system, joints, and ducts to enhance subjected contrast in anatomic areas where low subjects contrast exists

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7
Q

How many routes of administration are there for contrast media?

A

4

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8
Q

What are the routes of contrast administration?

A
  • Oral
  • Rectal
  • Retrograde
  • Parenteral (Intravenous, Intra-arterial, Intrathecal)
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9
Q

Where is the oral route taken?

A

Ingested by mouth

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10
Q

Where is the rectal route taken?

A

Administered rectally

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11
Q

Where is the retrograde route taken?

A

Administered against the normal flow

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12
Q

Where is the parenteral route taken? What are the routes?

A
  • Administered by injection using a needle
  • Intravenous (Administered into a vein)
  • Intra-arterial (Administered into an artery)
  • Intrathecal (Administered into a sheath)
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13
Q

What are some exams that are taken retrograde?

A
  • Cystogram
  • VCUG
  • Barium enema
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14
Q

What are some exams that are taken rectal?

A

Barium enema

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15
Q

What are some exams that are taken oral?

A
  • Upper GI
  • Esophagram
  • Rehab swallow study
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16
Q

What are some exams that are taken Intravenous (parenteral)?

A

IVU

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17
Q

What are some exams that are taken Intra-arterial (parenteral)?

A

Arteriogram

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18
Q

What are some exams that are taken Intrathecal (parenteral)?

A

Myelogram

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19
Q

What are some examples of negative contrast media?

A
  • Gas (Air)
  • Gas-producing tablets
  • Air-producing crystals
  • Carbon dioxide
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20
Q

What does negative contrast media look like on radiographs?

A

Dark

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21
Q

What is negative contrast media composed of?

A

Elements with low anatomic numbers

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22
Q

In negative contrast media x-ray photons are _______ through _______ contrast media

A
  • Easily transmitted or scattered
  • Radiolucent
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23
Q

What are examples of positive contrast media?

A
  • Barium sulfate (aka Barium)
  • Water-soluble iodinated contrast
  • Oil-based iodinated contrast
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24
Q

What does positive contrast media look like on radiographs?

A

Light

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25
Q

What is positive contrast media composed of?

A

Elements with high anatomic numbers

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26
Q

In positive contrast media x-ray photons are _______ by _______ contrast media

A
  • Absorbed
  • Radiopaque
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27
Q

Is barium radiolucent or radiopaque?

A

Radiopaque

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28
Q

What is the atomic number of barium?

A

56

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29
Q

What is the chemical formula for barium?

A

BaSO4

(1 atom of barium + 1 atom of sulfur + 4 atoms of oxygen)

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30
Q

What is barium sulfate?

A

A compound

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31
Q

Does barium sulfate dissolve in water?

A

No

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32
Q

Barium sulfate is ________ because its ______ in water

A
  • Relatively inert
  • Insoluble
33
Q

Colloidal suspension is not a ______

A

Solution

34
Q

What does barium sulfate mixed with create?

A

Colloidal suspension

35
Q

What is used to create a colloidal suspension?

A

Barium sulfate and water

36
Q

What is used to increase palatability in barium sulfate?

A

Flavorings and sweeteners

37
Q

What will happen in a colloidal suspension when particles are left to sit for too long?

A

The particles suspended in water will settle out

38
Q

How do you make thin barium?

A

1 part barium sulfate to 1 part water

39
Q

What is the consistency of thin barium?

A

Thin milkshake

40
Q

What happens when the thin barium mixture is cold?

A

The chalky taste is reduced

41
Q

What does the flow of thin barium through the GI tract depend on?

A
  • Suspending medium & additives
  • Temperature
  • Consistency
  • Patient condition & GI tract
42
Q

What does w/v mean?

A

Weight to volume

43
Q

What is the w/v ratio of barium sulfate to water (thin barium)

A

30-50%

44
Q

How is thick barium created?

A

3-4 parts of barium sulfate to 1 part water

45
Q

What is the consistency of thick barium?

A

Cooked cereal

46
Q

What is the w/v ratio of barium sulfate to water (thick barium)?

A

up to 250%

47
Q

Which kind of barium is difficult to swallow?

A

Thick barium

48
Q

Thick barium is more ______ than thin barium

A

Difficult to swallow

49
Q

What kind of barium is better suited for the esophagus?

A

Thick barium

50
Q

Thick barium is well suited for the _____

A

Esophagus

51
Q

Why is thick barium better suited for the esophagus?

A

It descends slowly and coats the mucosal lining

52
Q

Which kind of contrast descends slowly and coats the mucosal lining?

A

Thick barium

53
Q

What are other forms of barium?

A
  • Barium paste
  • Barium pills
54
Q

What are barium pills used to evaluate for?

A

Strictures in the esophagus

55
Q

How are barium pills taken?

A

Orally

56
Q

Which ways can barium paste be taken?

A

Orally & rectally

57
Q

What can barium paste be used to evaluate for orally?

A

The function of the esophagus

58
Q

What can barium paste be used to evaluate for rectally?

A

The function of the rectum

59
Q

What exam is used to evaluate rectum function?

A

Defecography

60
Q

How many contraindictions are there for barium?

A

11

61
Q

What are the contraindictions for barium?

A
  • Suspected colon obstruction
  • Gastrointestinal perforation
  • Transesophageal fistula
  • Obstructing lesion of the small intestine
  • Inflammation or neoplastic lesions of the rectum
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Paralytic ileus
  • Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
  • Toxic megacolon
  • Recent gastrointestinal biopsy or surgery (within 3-5 days)
  • Pre-op or pre-endoscopy
62
Q

In what cases should water-soluble iodinated contrast media be used?

A

If theres any chance that contrast will escape into the peritoneal cavity

63
Q

What kind of contrast should be used if theres any chance that contrast will escape into the peritoneal cavity?

A

Water-soluble iodinated contrast media

64
Q

What are some examples of Water-soluble iodinated contrast media?

A
  • Gastrografin
  • Gastroview
65
Q

What kind of contrast media is gastrografin or gastroview?

A

Water-soluble iodinated contrast media

66
Q

What is the most common complication of barium administration?

A

Constipation

67
Q

What are some complications of barium administration?

A
  • Constipation
  • Perforation (extravasation into the abdominal cavity)
  • Vaginal rupture by incorrect placement of the catheter for lower GI exams (very rare)
  • Fluid overload resulting from water absorption from the colon
  • Aspiration into the lungs (Can result in barium pneumonia)
  • Allergic reactions
68
Q

What can constipation due to barium administration lead to?

A

Obstruction

69
Q

What should you do after the patient recieves barium to avoid complications?

A

To drink plenty of fluids

70
Q

What can barium aspiration into the lungs result in?

A

Barium pneumonia

71
Q

Should a water-soluble iodinated contrast be used if a patient is sensitive to iodine?

A

No

72
Q

What is a water-soluble iodinated contrast used for?

A

To opacify the GI tract

73
Q

Which contrast is used to opacify the GI tract?

A

Water-soluble iodinated contrast

74
Q

Which way can water-soluble iodinated contrast be taken?

A

Orally or rectally

75
Q

What are some examples of water-soluble iodinated contrast?

A
  • Gastrografin
  • Gastroview
76
Q

What is the atomic number of iodine?

A

53

77
Q

What does water-soluble iodinated contrast contain?

A

Iodine

78
Q

What will happen if water-soluble iodinated contrast leaks into the peritoneal cavity?

A

The body will absorb it

79
Q
A

Sectional Anatomy (25 decks)

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