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NEUR*2000 > Somatosensory Sensory Part 1 SN > Flashcards

Somatosensory Sensory Part 1 SN Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sensory Information?

A

Neural activity originating from stimulation of receptor cells in specific parts of the body.

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2
Q

What did Aristotle define?

A

The 5 senses (Hearing, touch, smell, taste, vision) and the 6th sense (Intuition)

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3
Q

What is Somatic Sensation?

A

Conscious awareness - “perception”

Proprioception (position and movement of body parts)

Pain, Itch, Temperature

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4
Q

What is Visceral Sensations?

A

Homeostasis (conscious and unconscious) of the Organs, Heart, Lungs, etc.

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5
Q

What is Vestibular Sense?

A

Body stability and balance (position of the body in the gravitational field)

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6
Q

What do specific receptors respond to?

A

Specific stimuli (pain receptors vs thermal receptors)

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7
Q

What are Recursive Sensory Pathways?

A

Nervous System areas modify and structure incoming sensory information.

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8
Q

What is the Key Concept related to receptors?

A

Receptors function to transduce (action potentials) stimuli (bioelectrical, mechanical, chemical, thermal)

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9
Q

What are examples of sensory coding?

A

Touch, Balance, Pain, Proprioception (inside muscle tissue)

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10
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

Describes the relationship between physical characteristics of a stimulus and the attributes of the sensory experience

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11
Q

Who is Ernst Weber?

A

The founder of experimental psychology

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12
Q

What did Ernst Weber find?

A

The sensitivity of a sensory system to differences in intensity depends on the stimulus.

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13
Q

What was Ernst Weber’s Equation and what did each variable mean?

A

S = K x s

S - Just Noticeable Difference
K - Scaling Constant
S - Reference Stimulus

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14
Q

What was Gustav Fechner a founder of?

A

Psychophysics

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15
Q

What did Gustav Fechner find?

A

Described the relationship between stimulus strength (S) and the intensity of sensations (l)

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16
Q

What was Gustav Fechner’s Equation and what did each variable mean?

A

I = k x log(S/S0)

K = Scaling Constant
(S/S0) = Threshold of amplitude of a stimulus

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17
Q

What type of relationship did Ernst Weber’s equation have?

A

Linear Relationship

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18
Q

What did Stanley S Stevens examine?

A

Examined sensory response over a wide range of stimuli

The subjective experience of sensation (perception) described by a power function.

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19
Q

What was Stanley S Stevens equation and what does each variable mean?

A

I = k x (S - S0)n

I - Perceptual Intensity

K - Scaling Constant

S - S0 - Change in Stimulus Strength

N - Exponent “Shape of Function”

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20
Q

What is Sensory Threshold?

A

Lowest Stimulus strength that can be consciously detected

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21
Q

What is Magnitude Estimation?

A

Using a numerical estimate to rate the intensity of the sensory experience.

Exercise… rating or perceived exertion

Pain.. 0 - 10 scale

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22
Q

What is Magnitude Production?

A

Producing a stimulus strength based on the sensory experience (perception)

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23
Q

What is an example of magnitude perception?

A

Running at “50% of maximal effort”… does actually speed correspond to 50% of maximum speed

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24
Q

What is Neural Code?

A

The relationship between activity in a specified neural population and its functional consequences.

  • Multiple stages of processing
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25
Q

What is an example of a neural code?

A

Muscle strength receptors.. reflex connection

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26
Q

What is a Receptor?

A

A cell that transforms stimulus energy into bioelectrical energy

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27
Q

What is Receptor Potential?

A

Refers to the amplitude and duration of a produced electrical signal.

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28
Q

What does receptor potential generate?

A

Action Potential Train

29
Q

What is an Action Potential Train?

A

Series of Successive Action Potentials generated by 1 neuron.

30
Q

What is an example of a sensory receptor?

A

Skin or muscle deformation
- Compression, stretch, vibration
- 6 different receptors in skin
- 3 different receptors in muscle.. sensitive to: muscle length; velocity of length change, force

31
Q

What is Muscle Afferent?

A

Directed from organ to CNS

32
Q

Where is a sensory neuron located?

A

In the cell body of the PNS (dorsal root ganglion)

33
Q

What are dorsal root ganglion cells?

A

Pseudo-unipolar (bipolar)

2 axons (one originates in organ, other in CNS)

34
Q

What is a Mechanical Stimulus on the skin?

A
  • Scratch, indentation, force.
35
Q

What is an Action Potential?

A
  • Amplitude Decay
  • Long Distance
36
Q

What is the Proprioception?

A

Sense of oneself

Perception of body positions and movement.. produced by sensations of muscles, tendons, skins and joints

37
Q

What is Exteroception?

A

Sense of direction interaction with the outside world

Sense of touch, contact, pressure.. identification or objects

Involves motor actions.. pressing, grasping, tapping.

38
Q

What is Interoception?

A

Sense of internal state of the body

Active Muscle Contraction

Cardiovascular, respiration, digestion.. most not perceived

39
Q

What is the process of detecting changes in the body?

A

Objects against the skin

Positions of Joints

Pain

40
Q

What are the specialized nerves detecting stimuli?

A

Muscles, tendons, ligaments, skin, organs.

41
Q

What is a Mechanical Stimuli?

A

Skin Stretch (physical contact)

42
Q

What is a chemical stimuli?

A

Food

43
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Specialized nerve endings that detect stimuli

Transmits action potentials via sensory axons

Afferent

44
Q

What are most sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors - Sensitive to physical deformation

45
Q

How do sensory receptors transmit information?

A

Ion channels

46
Q

What are Mechanoreceptors?

A

Detects physical distortion of tissues (bending or stretching)

47
Q

What are examples that would activate mechanoreceptors?

A

Knee movement, bladder distention, pinching skin.

48
Q

What are Nociceptors?

A

Sensitive to potential damaging stimuli and for pain transmission

49
Q

What are Thermoreceptors?

A

Sensitive to temperature changes

50
Q

What are Chemoreceptors?

A

Sensitive to certain chemicals

51
Q

What are Proprioceptors?

A

Sensitive to certain body positions and movement

52
Q

What are the 4 stimuli?

A

1.) Modality
2.) Location
3.) Intensity
4.) Timing

53
Q

What are the types of skin receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors

54
Q

What are fast adapting receptors?

A

Neuron discharge (action potentials) following exposure to a continued stimulus ceases (dies off)

55
Q

What are Low Threshold Receptors?

A

Sensory receptors activated at low indentation forces, 0.5nM

56
Q

What are High Threshold Receptors?

A

Activated at greater mechanical forces but mechanoreceptors activated for pain transmission

57
Q

Where is the Pacinian Corpuscle located?

A

Lies deep in the dermis

58
Q

What is the length and diameter of the Pacinian Corpuscle?

A

2mm long, 1mm diameter

59
Q

What is the Pacinian Corpuscle made out of?

A

20-70 concentric layers of connective tissue.

60
Q

What is the Pacinian Corpuscle?

A

Ending of a sensory nerve that acts as a receptor for pressure.

61
Q

Why is the Pacinian Corpuscle a fast adapting mechanoreceptor?

A

Due to viscous fluid between concentric layers of connective tissue (low friction)

62
Q

What is the Pacinian Corpuscle sensitive to?

A

High frequency stimuli (200 - 300 Hz)

63
Q

What is Ruffini’s Ending (hairy and glamorous skin)?

A

Slow Adapting Receptor that detects skin stretch, joint activity and warmth.

64
Q

What is Meissner’s Corpuscle (fingertips)?

A

A rapid adapting receptor responsible for transmitting sensations of discriminative touch and vibration

65
Q

What is Merkel’s disk (epidermis)?

A

Sensory receptors in the epidermis that detect gentle touch and other tactile information

66
Q

What is Krause End Bulbs?

A

Border of dry skin and mucous membrane lips that are sensory receptors in the human body that detect touch and respond to cold temperatures, pressure, stretching, and twisting

67
Q

What is a hair follicle receptor?

A

“Modified” proprioceptor

68
Q

What is a Receptive Field?

A

The region of sensory surface (skin) that when stimulated, changes the membrane potential of a neuron.

NEUR*2000 (14 decks)

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