Lecture 1

Question 1

Molecular neuroscience

Answer 1

Molecule to Molecule (protein) interactions

Question 2

Cellular Neuroscience

Answer 2

Neurons to Effector Cells

Question 3

Systems Neuroscience

Answer 3

Collection of cells, forming circuits

Question 4

Behavioural Neuroscience

Answer 4

Integrating Systems, memory formations

Question 5

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 5

Self-awareness, imagination, language

Question 6

Neurologist

Answer 6

Trained to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system

Question 7

Psychiatrist

Answer 7

Trained to diagnose and treat disorders of mood and behaviour

Question 8

Neurosurgeon

Answer 8

Trained to preform surgery on the brain and spinal cord

Question 9

Neuropathologist

Answer 9

Trained to recognize the changes in nervous tissue that result from disease

Question 10

Motor Behaviour

Answer 10

Area of study stressing primarily the principles of human skilled movement generated at a behavioural level of analysis

Physical/mechanical behaviour

Question 11

Motor Control

Answer 11

Study dealing with the understanding of neural, physiological and behavioural aspects of movement

The “how” of motor behaviour

Neural activation patterns.. “strategies”

State of the “motors” (i.e, muscles)

Question 12

How is a baseball pitch an example of Motor Behaviour?

Answer 12

It is concerned with the sequence of actions (wind up phase, arm cocking phase, arm acceleration phase, etc.)

Question 13

How is a baseball pitch an example of Motor control?

Answer 13

The frontal cortex of the brain (upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, sequencing/timing of neuronal activation)

Question 14

What is motor development?

Answer 14

Field of study concerning the changes in motor behaviour occurring as a result of growth, maturation and experience.

Question 15

What is motor memory?

Answer 15

The memory for movement or motor information

Ability to recall information

Question 16

What are the two aspects of Motor memory?

Answer 16

1) Neural Based

2) Muscle-Structured Base

Question 17

What is schizophrenia?

Answer 17

A cognitive disorder, thoughts and behaviours

Question 18

What is Alzheimers disease?

Answer 18

A type of dementia

Question 19

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 19

Of the basal Ganglia

Question 20

What is Huntington’s disease?

Answer 20

Of the basal Ganglia

Question 21

What is ALS?

Answer 21

De-myelinating condition of motor neurons

Question 22

What is Sports-related “stingers”

Answer 22

Brachial Plexopathies (stretching of the neurons)

Question 23

What was significant about Hippocrates?

Answer 23

• Father of western medicine
• Said the brain was the centre of sensation and intelligence

Question 24

What was significant about Aristotle?

Answer 24

• Said the heart was the centre of intelligence
• Said the Brain was responsible for cooling blood

Question 25

What was significant about Galen?

Answer 25

• Greek physician to roman gladiators (first sports medicine physician)
• Deducted function from the structure of the brain
• Said the cerebrum was a soft structure with sensory function (perception)
• Said the cerebellum was a hard structure with motor function and the movement control centre

Question 26

What was the significance of Andreas Vesalius?

Answer 26

• Anatomist
• Produced dissection manual for medical students

Question 27

What was the significance of Rene Descartes?

Answer 27

• Established a mechanical approach to the study of nature
• Geometry
• Identified the pineal gland as the seat of the human “mind” and soul
• Secretion of melatonin (hormone for wake-sleep cycle/circadian rhythm)

Question 28

What happened in the 17th to 18th century?

Answer 28

• Brain structures were revealed/identified
• Grey Matter (cell bodies of neurons)
• White Matter (axons of neurons)

Question 29

What was the significance of Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond?

Answer 29

• Produced muscle twitches with electrical stimulation
• Brain can generate electricity
• Nerves acts as wires

Question 30

What was the significance of Sir Charles Bell and Francois Magendie?

Answer 30

• Nerves attached to the spinal cord
• 2 branches (ventral - front and dorsal - back)
• Bi-directional flow of
  information

Question 31

What is the significance of Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens?

Answer 31

• Identified different regions of brain to different functions
• Cerebrum is responsible for sensation, perception and judgement
• Cerebellum is responsible for movement coordination
• Brain stem (medulla oblongata) is responsible for life functions such as breathing and heart rate