Lecture 1 Flashcards
Molecular neuroscience
Molecule to Molecule (protein) interactions
Cellular Neuroscience
Neurons to Effector Cells
Systems Neuroscience
Collection of cells, forming circuits
Behavioural Neuroscience
Integrating Systems, memory formations
Cognitive Neuroscience
Self-awareness, imagination, language
Neurologist
Trained to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system
Psychiatrist
Trained to diagnose and treat disorders of mood and behaviour
Neurosurgeon
Trained to preform surgery on the brain and spinal cord
Neuropathologist
Trained to recognize the changes in nervous tissue that result from disease
Motor Behaviour
Area of study stressing primarily the principles of human skilled movement generated at a behavioural level of analysis
Physical/mechanical behaviour
Motor Control
Study dealing with the understanding of neural, physiological and behavioural aspects of movement
The “how” of motor behaviour
Neural activation patterns.. “strategies”
State of the “motors” (i.e, muscles)
How is a baseball pitch an example of Motor Behaviour?
It is concerned with the sequence of actions (wind up phase, arm cocking phase, arm acceleration phase, etc.)
How is a baseball pitch an example of Motor control?
The frontal cortex of the brain (upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, sequencing/timing of neuronal activation)
What is motor development?
Field of study concerning the changes in motor behaviour occurring as a result of growth, maturation and experience.
What is motor memory?
The memory for movement or motor information
Ability to recall information
What are the two aspects of Motor memory?
1) Neural Based
2) Muscle-Structured Base
What is schizophrenia?
A cognitive disorder, thoughts and behaviours
What is Alzheimers disease?
A type of dementia
What is Parkinson’s disease?
Of the basal Ganglia
What is Huntington’s disease?
Of the basal Ganglia
What is ALS?
De-myelinating condition of motor neurons
What is Sports-related “stingers”
Brachial Plexopathies (stretching of the neurons)
What was significant about Hippocrates?
- Father of western medicine
- Said the brain was the centre of sensation and intelligence
What was significant about Aristotle?
- Said the heart was the centre of intelligence
- Said the Brain was responsible for cooling blood
What was significant about Galen?
- Greek physician to roman gladiators (first sports medicine physician)
- Deducted function from the structure of the brain
- Said the cerebrum was a soft structure with sensory function (perception)
- Said the cerebellum was a hard structure with motor function and the movement control centre
What was the significance of Andreas Vesalius?
- Anatomist
- Produced dissection manual for medical students
What was the significance of Rene Descartes?
- Established a mechanical approach to the study of nature
- Geometry
- Identified the pineal gland as the seat of the human “mind” and soul
- Secretion of melatonin (hormone for wake-sleep cycle/circadian rhythm)
What happened in the 17th to 18th century?
- Brain structures were revealed/identified
- Grey Matter (cell bodies of neurons)
- White Matter (axons of neurons)
What was the significance of Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond?
- Produced muscle twitches with electrical stimulation
- Brain can generate electricity
- Nerves acts as wires
What was the significance of Sir Charles Bell and Francois Magendie?
- Nerves attached to the spinal cord
- 2 branches (ventral - front and dorsal - back)
- Bi-directional flow of
information
What is the significance of Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens?
- Identified different regions of brain to different functions
- Cerebrum is responsible for sensation, perception and judgement
- Cerebellum is responsible for movement coordination
- Brain stem (medulla oblongata) is responsible for life functions such as breathing and heart rate
