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NEUR*2000 > Motor Action and Control Part 2 > Flashcards

Motor Action and Control Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is your vestibular Tract?

A

Includes several neural pathways that contribute to balance and eye movement coordination:

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2
Q

What is your alpha motor neuron?

A

Associated with your final common pathway

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3
Q

What does your alpha motor neuron activate?

A

Muscle Cells to produce Force

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4
Q

What does your gamma motor neuron activate?

A

Maintaining sensory ability

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5
Q

What does the Quadricep Femoris Muscle contain?

A

A femoral nerve - this generates a knee extension

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6
Q

Is the sensory information from the Femoral nerve the same?

A

No - differs depending on stimulus

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7
Q

How do we fine tune the degree of an alpha motor neuron activation?

A

Network Connections with sensory systems

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8
Q

What do Medial Pathways coordinate?

A

Axial and Proximal Muscles

Balance and Postural Stability

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9
Q

What are the Three Components of the Medial Descending Pathways?

A

1.) Vestibulospinal Pathway

2.) Reticulospinal Pathway

3.) Tectospinal Pathway

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10
Q

Where do the three components of the medial descending pathway project to and terminate at?

A
  • Interneurons
  • Medial Motor Neurons
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11
Q

Vestibulospinal tract origin?

A

Vestibular Nuclei

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12
Q

What is the Function of the Vestibulospinal Tract?

A

Control of Balance and Posture, Standing and Tipping

Detects change in head and Body Position

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13
Q

What are vestibular nuclei?

A

1st order vestibular afferents
Cell Bodies in Vestibular Ganglion

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14
Q

How do the axons travel in the Vestibular Nuclei?

A

Via the cranial nerve VIII to vestibular nuclei and cerebellum

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15
Q

What does extra-ocular nuclei control?

A

Eye Movement

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16
Q

What does the Spinal Cord Control?

A

Controls Head and Body Position

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17
Q

What does the Thalamus Control?

A

Ventriposteror Inferior Nucleus

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18
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Postural Adjustments

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19
Q

What are the two types of descending tracts in the vestibular nuclei?

A

Lateral Tract and Medial Tract

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20
Q

What does the Lateral Tract contain?

A

Ipsi lateral (Same side)

Long Projections

Coordinates Muscles to Walk Upright

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21
Q

What does the Medial Tract of the Vestibular Nuclei do?

A

Bi lateral (travels to mid cervical levels)

Short Projections

Coordinates Eye Movement and Head Position

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22
Q

What are the inputs of the vestibular tract?

A

Inner Ear, cerebellum

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23
Q

What are the Outputs of the Vestibular Tract?

A

Spinal cord, Sensory Cortex, Cerebellum, Eye Muscles (extra-ocular nuclei)

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24
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract?

A

A descending motor pathway in the spinal cord that controls muscle tone, action, and locomotion:

25
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate?

A

In the reticular formation located in the medulla oblongata

26
Q

What are the two tracts of the reticuloospinal tract?

A

1.) Pontine Reticular Formation
- Exists the Ipsi-lateral at all spinal levels

2.) Medullary Reticular Formation
- exits some bi-lateral at all spinal levels

27
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract receive its inputs from?

A

The vestibular system

28
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

Generating the flexion response to damaging stimulus

29
Q

What is the RIII reflex (flexion response)?

A

Spinal and supraspinal reflexes (motor neurons that withdraw from stimulus)

30
Q

What are the features of pain afferent receptors?

A
  • Same location as touch/cell body receptors
  • The cell body is in the Dorsal Root Ganglion.
  • small diameter, unmyelinated, slow
31
Q

What does an electromyogram measure?

A

Muscle Cell Membrane Action Potentials (reflexes, not contraction)

32
Q

What was the RIII measurement?

A

90-130ms after stimulus (longer than the tendon tap)

33
Q

What were the distraction studies used in the Flexor Reflex test?

A
  • Mental Imagery
  • Music
  • Brush Task
  • Concentration-on-Pain Task
34
Q

What did the study find regarding the R3 reflex when using mental imagery?

A

R3 reflex was enhanced

35
Q

What did the study find with music?

A

R3 reflex remained (no effect)

36
Q

What did the study find with brush ?

A

R3 was blocked

37
Q

What did the study find when concentrating on pain?

A

R3 slightly decreased

38
Q

What is the Tectospinal Tract?

A

Part of the extrapyramidal system that controls the head and eye movements, and is involved in visual and auditory reflexes

39
Q

Where does the Tectospinal Tract originate?

A

Tectum part of the midbrain, controlled by the cerebral cortex.

40
Q

What is the Midbrain Function?

A

Transfer information between the brain and the spinal cord

Sensory and Movement Control

41
Q

What are the two components of the Tectospinal Tract?

A

Superior Colliculus (optic)

Inferior Colliculus

42
Q

What is the Superior Colliculus?

A

Receives inputs from the eyes

43
Q

What is the inferior colliculus?

A

Receiving input from the ears and sending auditory information to the thalamus

44
Q

What is the Rubrospinal Tract responsible for?

A

Controlling distal limb muscles and fine-motor control.

45
Q

What is the Corticospinal Tract?

A

Provides direct projections to motor neurons

46
Q

What are the two parts of the corticospinal tracts?

A

1.) Corticospinal Fibres: innervate trunk and limb muscles

2.) Corticobulbar Fibres: cranial nerve motor nuclei (controls facial muscles)

47
Q

What do corticospinal tracts refer to?

A

Upper motor neurons (CNS) that innervate lower motor neurons (skeletal muscle) as well as muscle fibres

48
Q

How many axons in human movement?

A

1 million extending through the corticospinal (pryimadial) tract

49
Q

What is another word for corticospinal tract?

A

The pyramidal tract

50
Q

What are the two types of cells in the pyramidal tract?

A

1.) Pyramidal Cells

2.) Stellate Neurons

51
Q

What are pyramidal cells and where do they project to?

A

Output neurons from the motor cortex

Project to: basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem.

52
Q

What are Stellate neurons?

A

Function as Interneurons

53
Q

Where do Pyramidal Cells and Stellate neurons originate?

A

In the Primary Motor Cortex (Broadmann’s Area 4)

Pre-Motor (Area 6)

Areas 3,2,1 and sensory cortex

54
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

A white matter structure, as a two-way tract, carrying ascending and descending fibers, to and from the cerebral cortex.

55
Q

What is the Medullary Pyramid?

A

A collection of axons forming the pyramidal tract

56
Q

What is Pyramidal Decusation?

A

Where axons cross to contra-lateral side of the body in a descending pathway

57
Q

What do the dorsal part of lateral columns form?

A

The lateral cortical spinal tract

58
Q

What is the ventral corticosponal tract?

A

Uncrossed fibres that project bi-laterally to medial column (axial muscles)

NEUR*2000 (15 decks)

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