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NEUR*2000 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is GABA considered to be?

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter

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2
Q

What is Glycine considered to be?

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter

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3
Q

What is Glutamate considered to be?

A

A excitatory neurotransmitter

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4
Q

Between an excitatory and inhibitory, which will win?

A

Whichever one has more inputs.

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5
Q

What does Interneuron control?

A

They carry sensory information and regulate motor activity. More interneurons are activated when a response to stimuli is required to be complex. When the impulse is excitatory, it will turn on motor neuron,

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6
Q

What does a sensory neuron control?

A

Regulates the final common pathway

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7
Q

What is the final common pathway?

A

Lower motor neurons, therefore, are the final common pathway for transmitting neural information from a variety of sources to the skeletal muscles

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8
Q

At any one time, what can the nervous system be considered?

A

“Hard Wired” - does not have inhibitory neurons free floating

  • Has many circuits
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9
Q

What happens over time to the nervous system?

A

It is able to accommodate - not adapt.
- You can change physical/physiological characteristics (phenotype) but can not change actual structure.

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10
Q

What is the Action Potential?

A

The neurons or muscles cell membrane response to a graded potential

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11
Q

What does depolarizing current achieve?

A

A threshold

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12
Q

What is the current for a depolarizing current?

A

The flow of Na + ions into the cell

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13
Q

How does the depolarizing current happen?

A

The opening of Na+ channels due to an electrical or chemical stimulus

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14
Q

What happens during an action potential?

A

Large deflection in cell membrane (negative to positive)

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15
Q

What is the large deflection in the cell membrane?

A

Going from -60 to +30mV

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16
Q

If the resting membrane is at -80mV, what does this mean?

A

That you need a stronger input to activate it (further negative)

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17
Q

How fast do action potentials happen?

A

Every 1-2ms

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18
Q

How fast do cardiac muscle cells happen?

A

Every 400 - 500 ms

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19
Q

What happens at the depolarizing current?

A

At the depolarizing current, you have a stimulus’ that is working to get the cell into an action potential

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20
Q

What happens at the depolarizing phase?

A

At the depolarizing phase, the sodium channels are opening, and sodium is flooding into the cell.

21
Q

What charge is the depolarizing state at?

A

+30mV

22
Q

What happens at the depolarizing state?

A

Na+ channels are closed, and K+ channels open causing K + to leave the cell.

23
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

When you cannot generate another action potential

24
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

Need a stronger stimulus

25
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

A temporary state where the cell becomes slightly more negative.

26
Q

What is the main purpose fo sodium channels?

A

They move sodium ions into the cell to flood the cell with positive charge, leading to a depolarization state.

27
Q

What type of channel is a Sodium Channel?

A

Voltage Gated (required an electrical stimulus)

28
Q

What does a Sodium Channel do?

A

The sodium ion moves down its concentration gradient from high to low, in this case for K+ from the inside (intracellular region) to the outside (extracellular region), working to cause a repolarization of the cell.

*A sodium potassium pump will never move ions into the cell.

29
Q

Where was the K+ Channel First Discovered?

A

In Fruit Flies by the “shaker gene”

30
Q

What is the Shaker K+ Channel

A

A Shaker Potassium Channel is a type of potassium channel that has been identified as a fundamental regulator of sleep behavior in organisms like fruit flies and mammals.

31
Q

What is the Atomic Diameter of a K+ Channel?

A

3 A

32
Q

What is the radius of a K+ Ion?

A

1.33A

33
Q

What is the radius of a Na+ ion?

A

0.95 A

34
Q

What happens when Na+ enters into the cell?

A

Cytoplasmic Dispersion.

35
Q

What happens to Peak Amplitude (mV) when Axon Length increases?

A

Amplitude decreases

36
Q

What is Conduction Velocity?

A

Nerve conduction velocity is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway

37
Q

What are the factors that affect Conduction Velocity?

A

1.) Axon Diameter: The greater the diameter, faster conduction

2.) Thickness: the thicker the axon, the more propagation

3.) Channels per Unit Area: More channels, faster propogation

4.) The physiological state of the cell: Is it tired?

38
Q

How many Na+ ions leave the cell for every K+ions coming into the cell in the Na+/K+ Pump?

A

3 Na+ leave for every 2 K+ that enter the cell.

39
Q

What are the functions of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

1) Establishes and maintains electric potential (neg on inside, positive on outside)

2.) Reestablishes RMP after disturbances

40
Q

What is the a unit of the Sodium Potassium Pump’s function?

A

The catalytic and transport unit of the enzyme

41
Q

What is the b-unit of the Sodium Potassium Pump’s Function?

A

Na+ and K+ Affinity

42
Q

What are the four conformational states of the ATPase?

A

E1, E1-P,E2-P, E2

43
Q

What does the “P” indicate?

A

domain on the enzyme binding part for ATP (phosphate group)

44
Q

What happens in the E1 state?

A

3 Na+ Binds and ATP

45
Q

What happens in the E1-P state?

A

The ATP is hydrolyzed and the phosphate attaches to the cell and ADP is produced

46
Q

What stimulates the E1-P phase?

A

Excess buildup of Na+ intracellular (key stimulant)

47
Q

What happens in the E2-P state?

A

Ion binding sites “evert” (changes shape) to the extracellular side of the cell

The enzyme has a low affinity for Na+

48
Q

What happens in the E2 State

A

Na+ release into the extracellular and the enzyme is de-phosphorlyated

2 Potassium ions bond and are released into intracellular

NEUR*2000 (14 decks)

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