Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is the modes of communication of the Nervous System?
- Bioelectric Energy (attraction of opposite charges - pos and neg) that is generated at the cellular level
- Action Potentials
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and spinal cord
What does the PNS consist of?
All the nerves that are an extension of the CNS
What does efferent mean?
Communication away from CNS
What does afferent mean?
Communication towards CNS
What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic and Autonomic
What is the division of the Autonomic PNS?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What is the somatic nervous system?
Voluntary control (i.e, moving arm)
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Done without thinking about it (breathing, heart rate, etc)
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Carries signals regarding to the body’s “flight or fight” response (i.e, increased heart rate under mental stress)
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Returns the body back to its normal state (relaxes body after periods of stress)
Cerebral Cortex
Lobes named after cranial bones
Gyri
“Bumps” along the surface of the brain
Sulci
Small grooves between gyri
Fissures
Deep groves between gyri
What does the activation of neurons do?
Generate action potentials
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
- Short- term memory
- Planning and control of movement
What is the central sulcus responsible for?
Separates pre-central and post-central Cyrus
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Somatic sensation - conscious level awareness (i.e, feeling your hand tapping the desk)
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision (how we integrate and interpret wavelengths)
What is your temporal lobe responsible for?
- hearing and learning, memory and emotion.
Where are nerve roots found?
In your spinal cord
Ventral Roots
Send information out of spinal cord
Dorsal Roots
Send information in
Cervical Nerve Plexus
Neck and Shoulders
Brachial Nerve Plexus
Arm and Upper Back
Lumbosacral Plexus
Abdomen, legs, pelvis
What does the diencephalon consist of?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
What does the brain stem consist of?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Characteristics of the spinal cord
- Cervical, thoracic, lumber, sacral
- Relay between brain and body
- Handles functions without the brain (i.e, reflexes)
Characteristics of the cerebellum
- Contains several major tracts (peduncles)
- Learning of motor skills, fast responsive movements
What are the characteristics of the medulla oblongata?
- Digestion, breathing rate, heart rate
What are the characteristics of pons?
- Conveys information about movement from cerebrum to cerebellum via bio electro signalling
- Regulates functions of medulla oblongata (i.e, breathing)
What are the characteristics of the midbrain?
Regulates eye movements, visual and auditory reflexes.
What are the characteristics of the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus?
Thalamus - processes sensory information to the cerebral cortex (i.e. proprioception: conscious perception of body movement)
Hypothalamus - autonomic, endocrine , visual functions
What are the characteristics of the cerebrum?
Contains the two hemispheres (right and left)
Cerebral Cortex: wrinkled texture, surface layer.
What are the characteristics of the basal ganglia?
regulates motor performance (Parkinsons and Huntingtons)
What are the characteristics of the hippocampus?
Memory storage
What are the characteristics of the amygdaloid nuclei?
Coordinates autonomic and endocrine signals into emotional responses.
Number of neurons in the brain
10 to the 11
What are some examples of neurons?
- a motor neurons
- y motor neurons
- cutaneous sensory neurons
- pyramidal neurons
What are the 3 main components and function of the neuron?
- Cell Body (soma).. metabolic centre of neuron; where nucleus lies: DNA to start protein production
- Dendrites: receives incoming signals from other neurons
- Axon: conveys information to other neurons and cells dendrites and axons.
What is the nucleus responsible for?
Protein synthesis
What lies between two neurons?
Synaptic connection
What is part of the trigger zone?
Axon Hillock and Initial Segment
What is significant about the trigger zone?
- Location of action potential initiation
