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NEUR*2000 > Motor Action and Control Part 1 > Flashcards

Motor Action and Control Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two basic aspects of movement control?

A

Sensory and Motor

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2
Q

What does the Final Common Pathway involve?

A

Lower motor neurons

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3
Q

What is the function of sensory processing?

A

To create an internal representation of then outside world or state of the body

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4
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The conscious aware of body position and movement

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5
Q

What are Pain and Thermal Sensations?

A

Tissue Damaging and the Slowest Impulses

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6
Q

What does motor processing begin with?

A

Internal Representation - having a particular idea of the desired movement

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7
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

The relationship between the physical characteristics of a stimulus and the attributes of its perception.

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8
Q

What are the four basic stimuli?

A
  1. Electromagnetic Waves (light)
  2. Mechanical Air Vibrations (sound)
  3. Internal and External Chemicals
  4. Mechanical Deformations
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9
Q

What does electromagnetic waves influence?

A

Reflexes, reactions and conscious decisions

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10
Q

What does mechanical air vibrations influence?

A

Head Position and Equilibrium.. sense of balance (ears)

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11
Q

What do external and internal chemicals influence?

A

External - Olfaction (sense of smell)

Internal - Metabolic End products (lactic acid)

Muscle Fatigue - Force Decrease, Pain/Swelling

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12
Q

What does mechanical deformations influence?

A

External - Skin Stretch or Compression

Internal - Muscle Force and Stretch Speed

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13
Q

What are the four elementary attributes of sensory psychophysics?

A

1.) Modality

2.) Intensity

3.) Location

4.) Duration

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14
Q

What is Motor Psychophysics?

A

Motor Response to Sensation and Perception

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15
Q

What is Modality (quality)?

A

Touch (stretch, force), vision, etc.

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16
Q

What is Intensity?

A

Proportional to the Type and Number of Neurons Discharged

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17
Q

What is Location?

A

Body part location, depth perception (vision)

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18
Q

What is Duration?

A

Sensory Accommodation; i.e, fast adapting vs slow adapting

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19
Q

What are the three types of motor actions?

A

1.) Reflex Responses

2.) Rhythmic Motor Patterns

3.) Voluntary Movements

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20
Q

What are reflex responses?

A
  • Least affected by voluntary control
  • Rapid, Stereotyped Movements
  • Controlled by the eliciting stimulus
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21
Q

What are the rhythmic motor patterns?

A
  • Walking, Running, Chewing
  • Combines features of Reflexive and Voluntary Actions.
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22
Q

What is Voluntary Action?

A

Initiates action

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23
Q

What is reflexive actions?

A

Maintains the initiated actions

CPGs.. central path generators.

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24
Q

What is Voluntary Movements (Motor Acts)?

A

Purposeful.. goal oriented (not rhythmic)
Learned.. skill improves with practice and its practice comes less conscious direction

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25
What are Motor Acts continuously updated with?
Sensory Information, proprioception, visual and auditory
26
What are 3 tasks of the motor system?
1.) Must convey accurately timed commands to MANY motor neurons 2.) Must consider body mass distribution, plan postural adjustments 3.) Must consider the state of the motors
27
What works to convey accurately timed commands to MANY motor neurons?
Agonists and Antagonists
28
How does body mass distribution, plan postural adjustments?
Walking..opposite bi-lateral muscle activation.
29
How must we consider the state of the motors?
Joint position... extreme range of motion vs. mid-range
30
Where are the muscles the strongest?
Mid-range of motion, and mid-length
31
What is the metabolic state?
Dependent on the state of fatigue
32
What is the motor side of the nervous system?
Adjustments to mechanically failing muscle (muscle fatigue)
33
What does an increase in neural drive do?
Increase motor activation in attempt to maintain an ABSOLUTE force output
34
What are the 3 levels of movement control from highest hierarchy to lowest?
1.) Cerebral Cortex 2.) Descending systems of the Brain Stem 3.) Spinal Cord
35
What are 2-sub cortical, independent systems?
The cerebellum and basal ganglia
36
What is the Cerebellum?
Improves accuracy of movement (lots of neural information) Descending Signal Modification - input from sensory signals from original action
37
What is the Basal Ganglia?
Receives input from ALL cortical areas Projects neurons TO frontal cortex (involves in motor planning).. movement initiation impaired
38
What is the Spinal Cord?
- The lowest level in the hierarchy - Involves simultaneous activation and inhibition of different muscle groups.
39
What is the spinal cord coordinated by?
Local spinal circuits, and higher level..descending signals
40
What are motor neurons?
The final common pathway (all pathways converge into motor neurons)
41
Where do inputs come from?
- Same muscle, antagonist muscle, opposite limb muscle - Upper levels - Excitatory (activation) - Inhibitory
42
What does the Brain Stem consist of?
2 parallel neuronal systems...medial and lateral
43
What does the Medial Pathway control?
- Posture
44
What does the Medial Pathway integrate?
Visual and vestibular input (inner ear) with somatosensory information
45
What does the Medial Pathway control?
Upright body position
46
What is the Medial pathway primarily?
Axial Muscles
47
What does the Lateral Pathway control?
Distal muscle of limbs and discrete movements
48
What does the Cerebral Cortex consist of?
Primary Motor Area Pre-motor cortex Supplementary Motor Area
49
What do all aspects of the Cerebral Cortex project to?
To the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract and indirectly through brain stem motor neurons
50
Where do the Pre-motor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area plan and coordinate?
Complex movement sequences and receives information from posterior parietal area and projects to the primary motor area.
51
What is the Primary Motor Cortex (Area 4)?
Receives input..speed and position of movement - Proprioceptive input (motor neuron activation) Lesions would cause muscle weakness
52
What is Area 6 - Premotor and Supplementary Motor Areas?
Neurons project to the primary motor cortex Subcortical structures and spinal cord Lesions would cause inability for movement strategy
53
What is the Muscle Spindle?
Type Ia and Type II receptors Has dual innervation (sensory and motor)
54
What are the Golgi Tendon organs?
Type Ib receptors
55
What are Joint Structures?
Golgi-like and skin-like receptors (give rise to reflexes)
56
What is the Sensory Cortex?
S1 - activation of neurons, external state Feedback from Sensory Input
57
What is the Thalamus?
Relay Nuclei Projects to sensory cortex and cerebellum
58
What are skin receptors?
Fast Adapting Slow-Adapting
59
What is the Dorsal Root of the Spinal Cord?
Afferent (Sensory)
60
What is the Ventral Root of the Spinal Cord?
Efferent (motor)
61
What are the two types of neurons whose cell bodies reside in grey matter of spinal cord?
Interneurons, and lower motor neurons
62
Where does Decussation for Pain Occur at?
The Spinal Level
63
What is the Motor Neuron Pool?
Refers to Clusters of Motor Nuclei residing in the ventral horn (extends 1 - 4 vertebral columns (longitudinal)
64
What is an example of a motor neuron pool?
Knee extension Muscle (Quadriceps femoris)
65
What is the first rule of spinal cord organization?
Proximal Distal Rule
66
What does Proximal-Distal rule state?
Proximal Muscles... Axial-Medial Motor Neuron Activation Distal Muscles... extremities..lateral motor neuron
67
What is the second rule of spinal cord organization?
Flexor-Extensor Rule
68
What does Flexor-Extensor Rule State?
Extensor Muscles... more ventral location Flexor Muscles... more dorsal location
69
What are the Extensor and Flexor muslces all contain within?
Ventral Horn

NEUR*2000 (15 decks)

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