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NEUR*2000 > Motor Action and Control Part 1 > Flashcards

Motor Action and Control Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two basic aspects of movement control?

A

Sensory and Motor

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2
Q

What does the Final Common Pathway involve?

A

Lower motor neurons

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3
Q

What is the function of sensory processing?

A

To create an internal representation of then outside world or state of the body

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4
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The conscious aware of body position and movement

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5
Q

What are Pain and Thermal Sensations?

A

Tissue Damaging and the Slowest Impulses

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6
Q

What does motor processing begin with?

A

Internal Representation - having a particular idea of the desired movement

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7
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

The relationship between the physical characteristics of a stimulus and the attributes of its perception.

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8
Q

What are the four basic stimuli?

A
  1. Electromagnetic Waves (light)
  2. Mechanical Air Vibrations (sound)
  3. Internal and External Chemicals
  4. Mechanical Deformations
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9
Q

What does electromagnetic waves influence?

A

Reflexes, reactions and conscious decisions

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10
Q

What does mechanical air vibrations influence?

A

Head Position and Equilibrium.. sense of balance (ears)

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11
Q

What do external and internal chemicals influence?

A

External - Olfaction (sense of smell)

Internal - Metabolic End products (lactic acid)

Muscle Fatigue - Force Decrease, Pain/Swelling

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12
Q

What does mechanical deformations influence?

A

External - Skin Stretch or Compression

Internal - Muscle Force and Stretch Speed

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13
Q

What are the four elementary attributes of sensory psychophysics?

A

1.) Modality

2.) Intensity

3.) Location

4.) Duration

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14
Q

What is Motor Psychophysics?

A

Motor Response to Sensation and Perception

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15
Q

What is Modality (quality)?

A

Touch (stretch, force), vision, etc.

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16
Q

What is Intensity?

A

Proportional to the Type and Number of Neurons Discharged

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17
Q

What is Location?

A

Body part location, depth perception (vision)

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18
Q

What is Duration?

A

Sensory Accommodation; i.e, fast adapting vs slow adapting

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19
Q

What are the three types of motor actions?

A

1.) Reflex Responses

2.) Rhythmic Motor Patterns

3.) Voluntary Movements

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20
Q

What are reflex responses?

A
  • Least affected by voluntary control
  • Rapid, Stereotyped Movements
  • Controlled by the eliciting stimulus
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21
Q

What are the rhythmic motor patterns?

A
  • Walking, Running, Chewing
  • Combines features of Reflexive and Voluntary Actions.
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22
Q

What is Voluntary Action?

A

Initiates action

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23
Q

What is reflexive actions?

A

Maintains the initiated actions

CPGs.. central path generators.

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24
Q

What is Voluntary Movements (Motor Acts)?

A

Purposeful.. goal oriented (not rhythmic)
Learned.. skill improves with practice and its practice comes less conscious direction

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25
Q

What are Motor Acts continuously updated with?

A

Sensory Information, proprioception, visual and auditory

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26
Q

What are 3 tasks of the motor system?

A

1.) Must convey accurately timed commands to MANY motor neurons

2.) Must consider body mass distribution, plan postural adjustments

3.) Must consider the state of the motors

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27
Q

What works to convey accurately timed commands to MANY motor neurons?

A

Agonists and Antagonists

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28
Q

How does body mass distribution, plan postural adjustments?

A

Walking..opposite bi-lateral muscle activation.

29
Q

How must we consider the state of the motors?

A

Joint position… extreme range of motion vs. mid-range

30
Q

Where are the muscles the strongest?

A

Mid-range of motion, and mid-length

31
Q

What is the metabolic state?

A

Dependent on the state of fatigue

32
Q

What is the motor side of the nervous system?

A

Adjustments to mechanically failing muscle (muscle fatigue)

33
Q

What does an increase in neural drive do?

A

Increase motor activation in attempt to maintain an ABSOLUTE force output

34
Q

What are the 3 levels of movement control from highest hierarchy to lowest?

A

1.) Cerebral Cortex
2.) Descending systems of the Brain Stem
3.) Spinal Cord

35
Q

What are 2-sub cortical, independent systems?

A

The cerebellum and basal ganglia

36
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

Improves accuracy of movement (lots of neural information)

Descending Signal Modification - input from sensory signals from original action

37
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

A

Receives input from ALL cortical areas
Projects neurons TO frontal cortex (involves in motor planning).. movement initiation impaired

38
Q

What is the Spinal Cord?

A
  • The lowest level in the hierarchy
  • Involves simultaneous activation and inhibition of different muscle groups.
39
Q

What is the spinal cord coordinated by?

A

Local spinal circuits, and higher level..descending signals

40
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

The final common pathway (all pathways converge into motor neurons)

41
Q

Where do inputs come from?

A
  • Same muscle, antagonist muscle, opposite limb muscle
  • Upper levels
  • Excitatory (activation)
  • Inhibitory
42
Q

What does the Brain Stem consist of?

A

2 parallel neuronal systems…medial and lateral

43
Q

What does the Medial Pathway control?

A
  • Posture
44
Q

What does the Medial Pathway integrate?

A

Visual and vestibular input (inner ear) with somatosensory information

45
Q

What does the Medial Pathway control?

A

Upright body position

46
Q

What is the Medial pathway primarily?

A

Axial Muscles

47
Q

What does the Lateral Pathway control?

A

Distal muscle of limbs and discrete movements

48
Q

What does the Cerebral Cortex consist of?

A

Primary Motor Area

Pre-motor cortex

Supplementary Motor Area

49
Q

What do all aspects of the Cerebral Cortex project to?

A

To the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract and indirectly through brain stem motor neurons

50
Q

Where do the Pre-motor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area plan and coordinate?

A

Complex movement sequences and receives information from posterior parietal area and projects to the primary motor area.

51
Q

What is the Primary Motor Cortex (Area 4)?

A

Receives input..speed and position of movement
- Proprioceptive input (motor neuron activation)

Lesions would cause muscle weakness

52
Q

What is Area 6 - Premotor and Supplementary Motor Areas?

A

Neurons project to the primary motor cortex

Subcortical structures and spinal cord

Lesions would cause inability for movement strategy

53
Q

What is the Muscle Spindle?

A

Type Ia and Type II receptors

Has dual innervation (sensory and motor)

54
Q

What are the Golgi Tendon organs?

A

Type Ib receptors

55
Q

What are Joint Structures?

A

Golgi-like and skin-like receptors (give rise to reflexes)

56
Q

What is the Sensory Cortex?

A

S1 - activation of neurons, external state

Feedback from Sensory Input

57
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A

Relay Nuclei

Projects to sensory cortex and cerebellum

58
Q

What are skin receptors?

A

Fast Adapting

Slow-Adapting

59
Q

What is the Dorsal Root of the Spinal Cord?

A

Afferent (Sensory)

60
Q

What is the Ventral Root of the Spinal Cord?

A

Efferent (motor)

61
Q

What are the two types of neurons whose cell bodies reside in grey matter of spinal cord?

A

Interneurons, and lower motor neurons

62
Q

Where does Decussation for Pain Occur at?

A

The Spinal Level

63
Q

What is the Motor Neuron Pool?

A

Refers to Clusters of Motor Nuclei residing in the ventral horn (extends 1 - 4 vertebral columns (longitudinal)

64
Q

What is an example of a motor neuron pool?

A

Knee extension

Muscle (Quadriceps femoris)

65
Q

What is the first rule of spinal cord organization?

A

Proximal Distal Rule

66
Q

What does Proximal-Distal rule state?

A

Proximal Muscles… Axial-Medial Motor Neuron Activation

Distal Muscles… extremities..lateral motor neuron

67
Q

What is the second rule of spinal cord organization?

A

Flexor-Extensor Rule

68
Q

What does Flexor-Extensor Rule State?

A

Extensor Muscles… more ventral location

Flexor Muscles… more dorsal location

69
Q

What are the Extensor and Flexor muslces all contain within?

A

Ventral Horn

NEUR*2000 (15 decks)

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