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KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY > Somatic Pathways > Flashcards

Somatic Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A
  • the detection of changes in our internal environment and/or external environment
  • involves sensory receptors and the neurons that convey the signals from those receptors to the CNS
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2
Q

What is perception?

A
  • the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

- involves the processing of sensory information in the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

What are somatic sensations?

A
  • tactile sensations that arise from the skin (e.g., touch,
    pressure, vibration, temperature, pain)
  • proprioceptive (position sense) sensations that arise
    from the muscles and joints
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4
Q

What are special sensations?

A
  • vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance
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5
Q

What are visceral sensations?

A
  • sensations that arise from the visceral organs (e.g.,

pressure, stretch, chemical concentrations)

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6
Q

What are the three types of sensory receptors?

A
  • free nerve endings
  • encapsulated nerve endings
  • separate cells
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7
Q

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for pain and temperature?

A
  • free nerve endings
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8
Q

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for pressure and vibration?

A
  • encapsulated nerve endings
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9
Q

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for special senses?

A
  • separate cells
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10
Q

Which proprioceptive sensory receptors are found in muscle?

A
  • muscle spindles, tendon organs
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11
Q

Which proprioceptive sensory receptors are found in joints?

A
  • ruffini corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles
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12
Q

What are the five types of tactile sensory receptors?

A
  • free nerve ending
  • merkel disc
  • meissner corpuscle
  • ruffini corpuscle
  • pacinian corpuscle
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13
Q

What do proprioceptive sensory receptors do in relation to sensation in the muscles?

A
  • muscle spindle = muscle length

- tendon organ = muscle tension

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14
Q

What do the sensory pathways of the somatic nervous system do?

A
  • transmit somatic sensory signals from peripheral receptors to the brain
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15
Q

What do the motor pathways of the somatic nervous system do?

A
  • transmit motor signals from the brain to skeletal muscles
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16
Q

Are tracts sensory and motor?

A
  • tracts are either sensory OR motor, they are never mixed
17
Q

What is the 3-neuron relay system?

A
  • first, second, and third order neurons are in between each step
  • sensory receptor, spinal cord or medulla oblongata, thalamus, primary somatosensory area
18
Q

Why is the second-order neuron important?

A
  • always decussates (cross over to the opposite side of the body)
19
Q

What are the two main somatic sensory pathways?

A
  • anterolateral pathway

- posterior column pathway

20
Q

What is the anterolateral pathway?

A
  • carries signals related to temperature and pain

- uses tracts in the anterior and lateral columns

21
Q

What is the posterior column pathway?

A
  • carries signals related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
  • uses tracts in the posterior column
22
Q

In the anterolateral pathway, where is the cell body located in the first-order neuron?

A
  • posterior root ganglion
23
Q

In the anterolateral pathway, where is the cell body located in the second-order neuron?

A
  • posterior horn

- crosses in the spinal cord

24
Q

In the anterolateral pathway, where is the cell body located in the third-order neuron?

A
  • thalamus
25
Q

In the posterior column pathway, where is the cell body located in the first-order neuron?

A
  • posterior root ganglion
26
Q

In the posterior column pathway, where is the cell body located in the second-order neuron?

A
  • medulla oblongata

- crosses in the brain stem

27
Q

In the posterior column pathway, where is the cell body located in the third-order neuron?

A
  • thalamus
28
Q

Is the spinothalamic tract contralateral or ipsilateral?

A
  • contralateral
29
Q

Is the posterior columb tracts contralateral or ipsilateral?

A
  • ipsilateral
30
Q

What is the 2-neuron relay system of the somatic motor pathways?

A
  • upper motor neuron, and lower motor neuron

- primary motor area, spinal cord, skeletal muscle

31
Q

Which neuron pathway crosses in the somatic motor pathways?

A
  • first neuron crosses
32
Q

What are the two ways somatic motor pathways are classified?

A
  • direct or indirect
33
Q

What are direct motor pathways?

A
  • carry signals originating in the cerebral cortex
34
Q

What are indirect motor pathways?

A
  • carry signals originating in the brain stem
35
Q

What is the main direct motor pathways?

A
  • the corticospinal pathway
36
Q

90%

A
  • 90% of the upper motor neurons decussate in the medulla oblongata and travel down the contralateral side of the spinal cord (lateral corticospinal tract)
37
Q

10%

A
  • 10% of the upper motor neurons travel down the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord (anterior corticospinal tract) and decussate at their target spinal segment
38
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A
  • fluid-filled (CSF) cyst can form within the central canal of the spinal cord
  • pain/temperature affected
  • touch/ pressure/ vibration/ proprioception unaffected
39
Q

What is brown-séquard syndrome?

A
  • caused by an injury to one half of the spinal cord (hemisection)
  • affects the ipsilateral anterior, lateral, and posterior column

KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY (21 decks)

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