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KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nose

- pharynx

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2
Q

What is part of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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3
Q

What are the two regions of the nose?

A
  • external and internal nose
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4
Q

What is the internal nose?

A
  • the space within the skull posterior to the external nose

- nasal cavity

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the nose?

A
  • warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
  • detect olfactory stimuli
  • modify sound vibrations (speech)
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6
Q

What does the external nose consist of?

A
  • consists of both cartilage (anteriorly) and bone (posteriorly)
  • the skin of its inner surface contains hairs, which filter incoming air
  • frontal bone, ethmoid bone, maxilla
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7
Q

Which bones make up the internal nose?

A
  • nasal septum
  • perpendicular plate
    (ethmoid bone)
  • vomer
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8
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors located?

A
  • the roof of the nasal cavity
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9
Q

Which part of the internal nose moistens incoming air?

A
  • mucous membranes that line the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
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10
Q

How many nasal conchae are there?

A
  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
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11
Q

Which bones have paranasal sinuses?

A
  • frontal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, maxillae
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12
Q

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • increasing the surface area of the nasal mucosa

- help modify sound vibrations (speech)

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13
Q

What is the parynx?

A
  • funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle innervated by CN IX and CN X that
    connects the nasal cavity to the larynx
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14
Q

What are the main functions of the pharynx?

A
  • passageway for air/food and assist in the swallowing of food
  • modify sound vibrations
  • house the tonsils (lymphatic nodules), which contribute to the body’s immune response
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the nasopharynx?

A
  • connections with the nasal cavity and oropharynx, it also contains openings for the auditory tubes (assist with pressure equalization in the middle ears)
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16
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A
  • the middle portion of the pharynx that is posterior

to the oral cavity (mouth)

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17
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A
  • the inferior portion of the pharynx that opens into

the larynx and esophagus

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18
Q

What is the larynx?

A
  • short passageway composed of a mixture of cartilage and skeletal muscle
    that connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea
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19
Q

What is the main function of the larynx?

A
  • to produce sound vibrations (speech)
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20
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A
  • piece of cartilage that is attached to the inner surface
    of the thyroid cartilage
  • moves down during swallowing to cover the glottis
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21
Q

What prevents food and liquid from entering the larynx?

A
  • epiglottis
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22
Q

What is the glottis?

A
  • the vocal folds and the

space between them

23
Q

What are ventricular folds?

A
  • “false vocal cords”
  • thick folds of mucous membrane that are brought together to assist the epiglottis in keeping food/liquid out of the larynx
24
Q

What are vocal folds?

A
  • “true vocal cords”
  • folds of mucous membrane that produce sound vibrations as air passes
  • small skeletal muscles innervated by CN X are attached to these folds
  • contraction of these muscles moves the folds back and forth and modifies their tension, thereby producing specific sound vibrations that are later modified by the pharynx, tongue, and mouth to produce speech
25
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea.

A
  • tube that descends through the neck and thoracic cavity and acts as a passageway for air from the larynx to the bronchi
  • composed of a series of C-shaped rings of cartilage, connective tissue, and
    epithelial tissue
  • contains smooth muscle, which contracts/relaxes to alter the diameter of
    the tube
26
Q

What is the tracheostomy?

A
  • an incision to provide an alternate passageway for air to reach the lungs
27
Q

When is a tracheostomy used?

A
  • acute situations to bypass a blockage of the upper airway

- chronic smokers who require assistance with their breathing or who develop throat cancer

28
Q

How many secondary bronchi are there in the right lung?

A
  • three secondary bronchi

- superior, middle, and inferior lobes

29
Q

How many secondary bronchi are there in the left lung?

A
  • two

- superior and inferior lobes

30
Q

Describe the hierarchy of the bronchi in the lungs.

A
  1. primary bronchi
  2. secondary bronchi
  3. tertiary bronchi
  4. bronchioles
  5. terminal bronchioles
31
Q

What are bronchodilators?

A
  • contradict bronchoconstriction
  • used to relax the smooth muscle
  • β2 agonists, Anticholinergists, “EpiPens”
32
Q

What are the hilum?

A
  • entry/exit point for:
  • primary bronchus
  • pulmonary blood vessels
  • nerves and lymphatic vessels
33
Q

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the lungs and the fluid filled space?

A
  • pleural membrane

- pleural cavity

34
Q

Why is the fluid in the pleural cavity important?

A
  • reduce friction

- allow the lungs to expand during inhalation

35
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A
  • superficial layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
36
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A
  • deep layer that lines the lungs
37
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A
  • excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
  • occurs secondary to conditions such as heart failure and pneumonia
  • can compromise lung ventilation if there is sufficient fluid
38
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A
  • influx of air into the pleural cavity, causing one of the lungs to collapse
39
Q

The terminal bronchioles divide into what?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles, which themselves give rise to alveolar ducts
40
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A
  • only occurs in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
41
Q

What prevents the lungs from collapsing?

A
  • surfactant, found in some alveolar cells
42
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • breathing

- inhalation and exhalation

43
Q

Describe inhalation.

A
  • occurs due to an increase in the size of the thoracic cavity and is accomplished at rest by contractions of the diaphragm and external intercostals
44
Q

Describe exhalation.

A
  • occurs due to a decrease in the size of the thoracic cavity and is accomplished at rest by the passive relaxation of the diaphragm and external
    intercostals
45
Q

What muscles assist in forced inspiration?

A
  • pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, SCM, scalenes, QL
46
Q

What muscles assist in forced expiration?

A
  • internal intercostals, muscles of the abdominal wall
47
Q

Describe the steps of inhalation.

A
  1. contraction of the inspiratory muscles
  2. the thoracic cavity expands and “pulls” on the underlying parietal pleura
  3. the parietal pleura “pulls” on the visceral pleura due to the surface tension created by the
    pleural fluid
  4. the visceral pleura “pulls” on the underlying lung tissue, which increases lung volume
  5. the pressure inside the alveoli decreases, which causes air to be “sucked” into the airways
48
Q

Describe the steps of exhalation.

A
  1. relaxation of the inspiratory muscles (and possibly contraction of expiratory muscles)
  2. the size of the thoracic cavity decreases, which decreases lung volume
  3. the pressure inside the alveoli increases, which causes air to be “pushed” out of the airways
49
Q

What controls the rhythm of respiration?

A
  • collection of nuclei in

the pons and medulla oblongata referred to as the respiratory centre

50
Q

Which structures provide input to the respiratory centre?

A
  • cerebral cortex – permits voluntary alterations in respiratory rate
  • chemoreceptors – relay signals regarding the levels of O2, CO2, and H+ in the blood to the respiratory centre via CN IX and CN X
51
Q

What are the names of the chemoreceptors?

A
  • carotid arteries (CN IX)

- arch of the aorta (CN X)

52
Q

When CO2 enters the blood in the tissues, most of it is converted to what?

A
  • bicarbonate
53
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between the air and blood
  • voice (and other sound) production
  • assisting in the regulation of the acid-base balance of the body

KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY (21 decks)

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