Bone Tissue and Terminology Flashcards
What seven types of tissues are bones composed of?
- Osseous (bone) tissue
- Cartilage
- Dense connective tissue
- Epithelium
- Adipose tissue
- Nervous tissue
What is the proximal epiphysis of a long bone?
- End of the bone
- Surfaces that form joints with other bones are covered with a layer of (hyaline) ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
- Contains RED BONE MARROW
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
- Long cylindrical portion in the middle
- Lined by PERIOSTEUM (outside) and ENDOSTEUM (inner)
- Encloses the MEDULLARY (MARROW) CAVITY, which contains YELLOW BONE MARROW
What is the distal epiphysis of a long bone?
- Contains a layer of hyaline cartilage called the EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE (allows the diaphysis to grow in length)
What are the four types of cells present in bone tissue?
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
- Osteocytes
What are osteogenic cells?
- act as stem cells
What are osteoblasts?
- produce the extracellular matrix
- build
What are osteoclasts?
- break down the extracellular matrix
- cut
What are osteocytes
- mature bone cells that maintain its metabolism
What are bone cells surrounded by?
- extracellular matrix
What is the extracellular matrix made up of?
- Water (15%)
- Collagen fibers (30%)
- Crystallized mineral salts (55%) — (e.g., calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite)
What are some aspects of compact bone tissue?
- strong and resists stresses
- consists of tightly-packed concentrically arranged lamellae called osteons
What are osteons?
- structural units of compact bone
- cylindrical structures that contain a mineral matrix and living osteocytes connected by canaliculi, which transport blood.
- aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone
Where is compact bone tissue found?
- Beneath the periosteum of ALL BONES
- Most of the diaphysis of long bones
What are some aspects of spongy or cancellous bone tissue?
- lighter
- consists of irregular lamellae called trabeculae, between which are spaces filled with marrow
Where is spongy or cancellous bone tissue found?
- Most of the interior of short, flat and irregular bones
- Most of the epiphysis of long bones
- Narrow rim surrounding the medullary cavity (long bones)
What bone tissue is the most affected from osteoporosis?
- spongy bone tissue
What are some risk factors of osteoporosis?
- aging, certain medications, lifestyle
What are some options for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis?
- Diet modifications
- Weight-bearing exercise
- Limit smoking and alcohol consumption
- Medications
- Fall prevention advice and strategies
What is red bone marrow?
- Composed of developing blood cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts within a network of reticular fibres
- Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
What is yellow bone marrow?
- Composed mainly of adipose cells
- triglycerides that can be released into the blood
Do new borns have yellow bone marrow?
- NO
Where is red bone marrow found in adults?
- skull, vertebrae, hip bones, the epiphyses of long bones in the limbs
What are the main functions of bones?
- support and protection
- assists movement
- produces blood cells
- stores minerals and lipids
