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KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY > Bone Tissue and Terminology > Flashcards

Bone Tissue and Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What seven types of tissues are bones composed of?

A
  • Osseous (bone) tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Epithelium
  • Adipose tissue
  • Nervous tissue
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2
Q

What is the proximal epiphysis of a long bone?

A
  • End of the bone
  • Surfaces that form joints with other bones are covered with a layer of (hyaline) ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
  • Contains RED BONE MARROW
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3
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A
  • Long cylindrical portion in the middle
  • Lined by PERIOSTEUM (outside) and ENDOSTEUM (inner)
  • Encloses the MEDULLARY (MARROW) CAVITY, which contains YELLOW BONE MARROW
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4
Q

What is the distal epiphysis of a long bone?

A
  • Contains a layer of hyaline cartilage called the EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE (allows the diaphysis to grow in length)
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5
Q

What are the four types of cells present in bone tissue?

A
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteocytes
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6
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A
  • act as stem cells
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7
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • produce the extracellular matrix

- build

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8
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • break down the extracellular matrix

- cut

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9
Q

What are osteocytes

A
  • mature bone cells that maintain its metabolism
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10
Q

What are bone cells surrounded by?

A
  • extracellular matrix
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11
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made up of?

A
  • Water (15%)
  • Collagen fibers (30%)
  • Crystallized mineral salts (55%) — (e.g., calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite)
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12
Q

What are some aspects of compact bone tissue?

A
  • strong and resists stresses

- consists of tightly-packed concentrically arranged lamellae called osteons

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13
Q

What are osteons?

A
  • structural units of compact bone
  • cylindrical structures that contain a mineral matrix and living osteocytes connected by canaliculi, which transport blood.
  • aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone
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14
Q

Where is compact bone tissue found?

A
  • Beneath the periosteum of ALL BONES

- Most of the diaphysis of long bones

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15
Q

What are some aspects of spongy or cancellous bone tissue?

A
  • lighter

- consists of irregular lamellae called trabeculae, between which are spaces filled with marrow

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16
Q

Where is spongy or cancellous bone tissue found?

A
  • Most of the interior of short, flat and irregular bones
  • Most of the epiphysis of long bones
  • Narrow rim surrounding the medullary cavity (long bones)
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17
Q

What bone tissue is the most affected from osteoporosis?

A
  • spongy bone tissue
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18
Q

What are some risk factors of osteoporosis?

A
  • aging, certain medications, lifestyle
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19
Q

What are some options for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis?

A
  • Diet modifications
  • Weight-bearing exercise
  • Limit smoking and alcohol consumption
  • Medications
  • Fall prevention advice and strategies
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20
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A
  • Composed of developing blood cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts within a network of reticular fibres
  • Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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21
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A
  • Composed mainly of adipose cells

- triglycerides that can be released into the blood

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22
Q

Do new borns have yellow bone marrow?

A
  • NO
23
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in adults?

A
  • skull, vertebrae, hip bones, the epiphyses of long bones in the limbs
24
Q

What are the main functions of bones?

A
  • support and protection
  • assists movement
  • produces blood cells
  • stores minerals and lipids
25
Q

What are the five types of bones?

A
  • long bone
  • flat bone
  • irregular bone
  • sesamoid bone
  • short bone
26
Q

What are the characteristics of a long bone?

A
  • Greater length than width

- Mixture of compact bone (shaft) and spongy bone (ends)

27
Q

What are the characteristics of a flat bone?

A
  • Composed of two parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone
28
Q

What are the characteristics of an irregular bone?

A
  • “Complex” shapes with variable amounts of compact and spongy bone
29
Q

What are the characteristics of a sesamoid bone?

A
  • Develop within tendons

reduce wear and tear

30
Q

What are the characteristics of a short bone?

A
  • Nearly equal length and width

- Spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone

31
Q

What are some types of bone surface markings?

A
  • fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus
32
Q

What is a fissure?

A
  • narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
33
Q

What is a foramen?

A
  • opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
34
Q

What is a fossa?

A
  • shallow depression
35
Q

What is a sulcus?

A
  • furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
36
Q

What is the meatus?

A
  • tubelike opening (ear)
37
Q

What are some types of projections and outgrowths of bones?

A
  • condyle, facet, head, crest, epicondyle, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
38
Q

What is condyle of a bone?

A
  • large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone
39
Q

What is a facet of a bone?

A
  • smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
40
Q

What is the head of the bone?

A
  • usually rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone
41
Q

What is the crest of a bone?

A
  • prominent ridge or elongated projection
42
Q

What is the epicondyle of a bone?

A
  • typically roughened projection above condyle
43
Q

What is the line of a bone?

A
  • long, narrow ridge or border that is less prominent than a crest
44
Q

What is a spinous process of a bone?

A
  • sharp, slender projection
45
Q

What is a trochanter of a bone?

A
  • very large projection
46
Q

What is a tubercle of a bone?

A
  • variably sized rounded projection
47
Q

What is a tuberosity of a bone?

A
  • variably sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface
48
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

A
  • axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
49
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A
  • skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax
50
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A
  • 80
51
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A
  • pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
52
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • 126
53
Q

How many bones does an adult have?

A
  • 206

KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY (21 decks)

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