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KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • heart & great vessels
  • trachea, bronchi, lungs
  • esophagus
  • thymus gland
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2
Q

Which organ is found in the pleural cavities?

A
  • the lungs
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3
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A
  • the space between the lungs
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4
Q

Which organ is found in the middle mediastinm?

A
  • the heart
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5
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • epicardium – thin outer layer of connective tissue
  • myocardium – thick middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue
  • endocardium – thin inner layer of endothelial tissue
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6
Q

What is the name of the membrane surrounding thee heart?

A
  • pericardium
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7
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • dense connective tissue layer that anchors the heart to the diaphragm and blood vessels entering/exiting the heart
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8
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A
  • thin double-layered membrane with a small fluid-filled space called the pericardial cavity between the layers
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9
Q

What are the names of the two layers within the serous pericardium?

A
  • parietal layer (outer layer fused to the fibrous pericardium)
  • visceral layer (inner layer fused to the heart/epicardium)
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10
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • left atrium & right atrium (receives blood)

- left ventricle & right ventricle (ejects blood)

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11
Q

Which ventricle is the thickest?

A
  • the left ventricle
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12
Q

What are the names of the four valves of the heart?

A
  • right semilunar/pulmonary valve
  • left semilunar/ aortic valve
  • tricuspid valve (r)
  • bicuspid valve (l)
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13
Q

What are the names of the sulci on the external surface of the heart?

A
  • coronary sulcus

- interventricular sulci

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14
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A
  • encircles the heart and roughly marks the external boundary between the atria and ventricles
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15
Q

What are the interventricular sulci?

A
  • grooves on the anterior and posterior surface that

roughly mark the external boundary between the ventricles

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16
Q

What is the name of the ear shaped pouch that extends out from the anterior surface of each atrium?

A
  • an auricle
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17
Q

What is the purpose of the auricles?

A
  • allows each chamber to hold more blood
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18
Q

Is the apex of the heart at the bottom or the top?

A
  • bottom
19
Q

What are some of the great vessels that surround the heart?

A
  • superior and inferior vena cava
  • aorta
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary veins
20
Q

What is systemic circulation/

A
  • system of blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the majority of the body and return deoxygenated blood to the heart
  • therefore, the blood LOSES oxygen in this circuit
21
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • system of blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and return oxygenated blood to the heart
  • therefore, the blood GAINS oxygen in this circuit
22
Q

Explain the steps of systemic circulation.

A

1) the right atrium receives blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
2) blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
3) blood passes through the pulmonary valve
into the pulmonary trunk
4) blood passes into the pulmonary arteries and enters the pulmonary circulation

23
Q

Explain the steps of pulmonary circulation.

A

5) The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins
6) Blood passes through the
bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
7) Blood passes through the aortic valve into the aorta
8) Blood enters the systemic circulation

24
Q

What do arteries do?

A
  • carry blood AWAY from the heart

- most carry oxygenated blood

25
Q

What do veins do?

A
  • carry blood toward the heart

- most carry deoxygenated blood

26
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A
  • network of blood vessels encircling the heart that delivers oxygenated blood to and removes deoxygenated blood from the heart tissue
27
Q

Where do coronary arteries branch out of?

A
  • branch out from the aorta near where it emerges from the left ventricle
28
Q

Where do coronary veins drain?

A
  • drain into a coronary sinus, which itself drains directly into the right atrium
29
Q

What are the main coronary arteries? (7)

A
  • aorta
  • left coronary artery
  • circumflex branch
  • anterior interventricular artery
  • right coronary artery
  • posterior interventricular artery
  • marginal branch
30
Q

What is myocardial infraction?

A
  • damage to heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen
31
Q

What are symptoms of a myocardial infraction?

A
  • pain/pressure, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, lightheadedness
32
Q

How can a myocardial infraction be diagnosed?

A
  • electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzymes (blood test)
33
Q

What are the main coronary veins? (5)

A
  • small cardia vein
  • anterior cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • coronary sinus
  • great cardiac vein
34
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A
  • is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract
35
Q

What allows the heart to beat?

A
  • unique features of cardiac muscle cells allow the heart to contract (beat) in a coordinated and rhythmical manner
36
Q

What is the small small channel that connect cardiac muscle cells called?

A
  • gap junctions
37
Q

Which cardiac muscle cells are “self-excitable”?

A
  • autorhythmic fibres
38
Q

What are the steps of cardiac conduction?

A

1.) cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node located in the wall of the right atrium spontaneously depolarize, leading to the generation of an action potential
2) the action potential spreads through the right and left atria via gap junctions, causing contraction of the atria
3) the action potential reaches cells in the atrioventricular (AV) node located in the interatrial septum
4) the action potential travels down the AV bundle (“bundle of His”) and conducting fibres in the
interventricular septum to the apex of
5) the action potential spreads through the left and right ventricles via Purkinje fibres in the ventricular walls, causing contraction of the ventricles

39
Q

What are the two nodes in the heart?

A
  • SA node

- AV node

40
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • condition that leads to an enlargement of the myocardium, which causes a disruption of the electrical conduction system of the heart
  • can lead to sudden cardiac death
41
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A
  • all of the events that take place during one heartbeat
42
Q

Describe the sounds of the heart through a stethoscope.

A
  • “lub” (first sound) = AV valves closing

- “dub” (second sound) = semilunar valves closing

43
Q

How are AV valves connected papillary muscles in the walls of the ventricles?

A
  • tendon-like cords called chordae tendinae

KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY (21 decks)

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