Joints and Ligaments Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different classifications of joints?
A
- structurally
- functionally
2
Q
What are the three structural classification?
A
- fibrous
- cartilagenous
- synovial
3
Q
What are fibrous joints?
A
- no synovial cavity, bones held together by connective tissue
4
Q
What are cartilagenous joints?
A
- no synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage
5
Q
What are synovial joints?
A
- synovial cavity, bones held together by an articular capsule
6
Q
What are the three functional classifications?
A
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
7
Q
What are synarthrosis joints?
A
- immovable
8
Q
What are amphiarthrosis joints?
A
- slightly movable
9
Q
What are diathrosis joints?
A
- “freely movable”
10
Q
What are the two functional classifications of fibrous joints?
A
- synarthroses
- amphiarthroses
11
Q
What are the two functional classifications of cartilagenous joints?
A
- synarthroses
- amphiarthroses
12
Q
What are the two functional classifications of synovial joints?
A
- diarthroses
13
Q
What is a suture?
A
- fibrous joints
- bones are connected by a thin layer of connective tissue
- only present between the skull bones
- children = amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
- adults = Synarthrosis (immovable)
14
Q
What is a syndesmosis joint?
A
- fibrous joints
- bones are connected by connective tissue that is arranged into a ligament
- distal tibiofibular joint
- gomphoses (“teeth joints”)
- amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
15
Q
What is an interosseous membrane?
A
- fibrous joints
- bones are connected by a sheet of connective tissue
- present between the radius/ulna and tibia/fibula
- amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
16
Q
What are synchondrosis joints?
A
- bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (later ossifies into bone)
- 1st sternocostal joint (others are synovial)
- epiphyseal growth plates
- synarthrosis (immovable)
- cartilagenous joints
17
Q
What are symphysis joints?
A
- cartilagenous joints
- bones are connected by fibrocartilage
- occur in the midline of the body
- pubic symphysis
- intervertebral discs
- amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
18
Q
What are synovial joints?
A
- all are freely movable (diarthroses)
- all have certain characteristic features
- articular capsule
- synovial cavity
- articular cartilage
19
Q
What is the purpose of an articular capsule?
A
- outer fibrous membrane (provides strength) - inner synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid) - reduces friction - absorbs shock - nutrient delivery - waste removal
20
Q
What is the purpose of articular cartilage?
A
- reduces friction
- absorbs shock
21
Q
What is a ligament?
A
- thick band of dense connective tissue that is especially resistant to forces acting in a particular direction
- present in most synovial joints
- can be extracapsular (outside the articular capsule) or intracapsular (inside the articular capsule)
22
Q
What is a meniscus (articular disc)?
A
- pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces that absorbs shock & increases the stability of the joint
- present in select synovial joints (knee joint)
23
Q
What is a labrum?
A
- ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the “socket” of ball-and-socket joints that increases the stability of the joint
- present in the hip joint and shoulder joint
24
Q
What is a bursa?
A
- fluid-filled sac-like structure located between tissues (bones/ligaments, bones/tendons) to reduce friction
- present throughout the body
25
What are the 4 broad movement categories at synovial joints?
- gliding
- angular
- rotation
- special movements
26
What determines the type of movement(s) are permitted at a specific joint?
- depends on the shapes of the articulating surfaces of the bones
27
Describe the gliding movement.
- side to side movement
- flat bone surfaces (intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints)
- little change in the angle between the bones
28
What is an angular movement?
- an increase or decrease in the angle between bones
- flexion and extension
- abduction and adduction
- circumduction
29
What is flexion?
- a decrease in the angle between bones
30
What is extension?
- an increase in the angle between bones
31
What is abduction?
- a movement of a bone away from the midline
32
What is adduction?
- a movement of a bone towards the midline
33
What is circumduction?
- multiplanar motion
- continuous sequence of the other angular movements that causes the distal end of a segment to move in a circle
- occurs primarily in the shoulder joint and hip joint
34
What is rotational movement?
- movement of a bone or segment such that it revolves around its longitudinal axis
- occurs primarily in the vertebral column, shoulder joint and hip joint
- medial (internal) or lateral (external)
35
What are some examples of "special movements"?
- elevation & depression
- protraction & retraction
- upward rotation & downward rotation (scapula)
- supination & pronation (forearm)
- inversion & eversion (foot)
36
What joint does the tibia and fibula make up?
- tibiofibular joint
37
What joint does the glenoid cavity and humerus make up?
- glenohumeral joint
38
What joint does the temporal bone and mandible make up?
- temporomandibular joint
39
What joint does the sacrum and illium make up?
- sacroilliac joint
40
What joint does the metacarpal and proximal phalanx make up?
- metacarpophalangeal joint
