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KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract consist of?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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2
Q

Why is the GI tract considered part of the external environment?

A
  • the GI tract is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus
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3
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
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4
Q

What do accessory organs do?

A
  • produce/store secretions that assist in the digestion of food
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5
Q

What is digestion?

A
  • the breaking down of ingested food (mechanical digestion vs. chemical digestion)
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6
Q

What is absorption?

A
  • the entry of nutrients into the cells lining the GI tract en route to the blood or lymph
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7
Q

What is defecation?

A
  • the elimination of wastes and indigestible substances
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8
Q

What are the four layers of tissue surrounding the lumen in the GI tract?

A

(deep to superficial)

  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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9
Q

What is the mucosa?

A
  • inner lining composed of layers of epithelial tissue, connective tissue and smooth muscle
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10
Q

Discuss the epithelial tissue layer of the mucosa.

A
  • contains glandular cells that serve both exocrine functions (secrete mucous and fluid) and endocrine functions (secrete hormones)
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11
Q

Discuss the connective tissue layer of the mucosa.

A
  • contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that collect absorbed nutrients
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12
Q

Discuss the smooth muscle layer of the mucosa.

A
  • creates folds in the lining of the stomach and small intestine that increase the surface area for digestion and absorption
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13
Q

What is the submucosa?

A
  • mass of connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis
  • contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and a plexus of neurons that belong to the enteric nervous system
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14
Q

What is the muscularis made up of?

A
  • layers of skeletal muscle (mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus)
  • smooth muscle (the rest of the GI tract)
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the muscularis?

A
  • contraction of these muscles assists in the mechanical digestion and movement of food through the GI tract (“motility”)
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16
Q

What is “peristalsis”?

A
  • wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract
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17
Q

What is the serosa?

A
  • a mixture of connective tissue and epithelial tissue that forms part of the
    peritoneum
  • helps suspend the portions of the GI tract that are located within the abdominal cavity
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18
Q

What is “mesentery”?

A
  • portion of the peritoneum that suspends the small intestine
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19
Q

What are the role of teeth in regards to digestion?

A
  • assist in the mechanical digestion of food
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20
Q

What is the role of the tongue in regards to digestion?

A
  • mechanical digestion of food
  • taste sensations (CN VII, CN IX)
  • contains glands which secrete a digestive enzyme that assists in the chemical digestion of lipids (in the stomach)
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21
Q

What is the hard palate?

A
  • anterior portion formed by the maxillae and palatine bones (covered by a mucous membrane)
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22
Q

What is the soft palate?

A
  • posterior portion formed by skeletal muscle (covered by a mucous membrane)
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23
Q

What is the the uvula?

A
  • muscular process that hangs off the posterior border of the soft palate
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24
Q

What makes up the palate and what does it do?

A
  • hard and soft palate
  • uvula
  • during swallowing, the soft palate and uvula are pulled superiorly to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
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25
Q

What are salivary glands and what do they do?

A
  • secrete saliva

- receive sympathetic innervation and parasympathetic innervation (CN VII, CN IX)

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26
Q

What is saliva made of?

A
  • mixture of water, ions, and a digestive enzyme
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27
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • keep the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus moist
  • assist in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
28
Q

What is the pharynx and what is its purpose?

A
  • passageway for food from the mouth to the esophagus
  • muscular contractions in these areas help to propel food along and prevent it
    from entering the larynx (epiglottis)
29
Q

What is the esophagus?

A
  • muscular tube that functions as a passageway for food from the pharynx to the stomach
30
Q

Where is the esophagus?

A
  • descends through the thoracic cavity posterior to the trachea and enters the
    abdominal cavity through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm
31
Q

What is the esophagus made of?

A
  • sphincters of smooth muscle at either end, which regulate the passage
    of food into (upper esophageal sphincter) and out of (lower esophageal
    sphincter) the esophagus
32
Q

Describe the shape and location of the stomach.

A
  • j-shaped organ located just inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left quadrant
    of the abdominal cavity
33
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach?

A
  • assist in the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

- store partially digested food before it enters the small intestine

34
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A
  • a sphincter of smooth muscle, which regulates the

passage of food into the small intestine

35
Q

Within the stomach’s folded mucosa, there are a host of gland cells. What are their names?

A
  • exocrine gland cells

- endocrine gland cells

36
Q

What do exocrine gland cells do in the stomach?

A
  • secrete “gastric juice”, which contains acid (HCl) and digestive enzymes that assist in the chemical digestion of food
37
Q

What do endocrine gland cells do in the stomach?

A
  • secrete a hormone (gastrin) that stimulates gastric secretions and motility
38
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A
  • the acid that is secreted

in the stomach erodes the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum and cause pain and bleeding

39
Q

What are some common causes of peptic ulcers?

A
  • bacterial infection
  • chronic use of NSAIDs
  • both of which inhibit the release of protective mucous secretions
40
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A
  • 3m
41
Q

What is the small intestine?

A
  • highly-convoluted tube in the middle of the abdominal cavity that connects the stomach to the large intestine
42
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine?

A
  • the primary site of both digestion (mechanical and chemical) and absorption of food along the GI tract
43
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  • (proximal to distal)
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
44
Q

Describe the small intestines mucosa.

A
  • highly folded
45
Q

What do the exocrine gland cells in the small intestine do?

A
  • secrete “intestinal juice”, which contains digestive enzymes that assist in the chemical digestion of food
46
Q

What do the endocrine gland cells in the small intestine do?

A
  • secrete hormones that:
  • stimulate the release of bicarbonate (pancreas)
  • stimulate the release of digestive enzymes (pancreas) and bile (gallbladder)
47
Q

What does bicarbonate do?

A
  • buffers the stomach’s acid in the small intestine
48
Q

What do digestive enzymes and bile do?

A
  • assist in the chemical digestion of food
49
Q

What is the large intestine?

A
  • tube that functions as a passageway for the by-products of digestion from the small intestine to the anus
50
Q

What is flatulence?

A
  • gas

- farts lol

51
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine?

A
  • contains an abundance of bacteria that assist in the final stages of chemical digestion, a process that produces gas (flatulence) as well as some vitamins
52
Q

What are some functions of the large intestine?

A
  • absorption of water, ions, and some vitamins

- elimination of digestive wastes and indigestible products

53
Q

List the areas of the large intestine?

A
  • appendix
  • cecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum and anal canal
54
Q

What are the names of the two sphincters in the large intestine?

A
  • ileocecal sphincter

- anal sphincter

55
Q

What is the ileocecal sphincter’s purpose?

A
  • smooth muscle sphincter that regulates the passage of material from the small intestine into the large intestine
56
Q

What is the anal sphincter’s purpose?

A
  • smooth muscle (internal anal sphincter) and skeletal muscle (external anal sphincter) sphincters that regulate the passage of material out of the large intestine
57
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A
  • located posterior to the stomach
58
Q

What is the pancreas’ purpose in the GI tract?

A
  • secretes “pancreatic juice” into the GI tract (exocrine function)
59
Q

What does “pancreatic juice” do?

A
  • contains bicarbonate and digestive enzymes that
    assist in the chemical digestion of food, is carried from the pancreas to the
    duodenum by two small ducts
60
Q

Where is the liver located?

A
  • inferior to the diaphragm in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
61
Q

What are the livers functions?

A
  • secretes bile
  • detoxifies the blood
  • involved with the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  • stores glucose (glycogen) as well as several vitamins and minerals
  • produces the active form of vitamin D
62
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A
  • tucked up into the inferior surface of the liver
63
Q

What is the purpose of the gallbladder?

A
  • stores and concentrates the bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine when needed
64
Q

The liver receives blood from which two vessels?

A
  • hepatic artery (a branch of the celiac trunk) – carries oxygenated blood to the liver
  • hepatic portal vein – carries nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from the GI tract to the liver
65
Q

What is jaundice

A
  • the liver’s ability to form bile becomes compromised (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis) or if
    there is a blockage of the release of bile into the GI tract (e.g., gall stones), excess
    bilirubin will accumulate in the blood
  • results in yellowish tinge
66
Q

Discuss the regulation of the digestive system.

A
  • receives sensory input from the GI tract (chemoreceptors, stretch receptors)
  • sends motor signals to the glands and smooth muscle of the GI tract

KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY (21 decks)

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