Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
What is anatomy?
- The science of body structures (and their relationships)
What is physiology?
- The science of body functions
What are the six levels of structural organization?
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissues level
- organ level
- system level
- organismal level
What are the eleven systems of the human body?
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system(s)
- Integumentary System
What are the components of the skeletal system?
- Bones
- Joints
- Associated cartilages
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Support and protection
- Assists movement
- Produces blood cells
- Stores minerals & lipids
What are the components of the muscular system?
- Skeletal muscle
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- Movement
- Stabilizes body position/posture
- Generates heat
What are the components of the nervous system?
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerves
- Special sense organs (eyes)
What are the functions of the nervous system?
- Regulates body activities
- Detects, interprets and responds to changes in the body’s internal and external environments
What are the components of the endocrine system?
- Hormone-producing glands
- Hormone-producing cells
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
- Regulates body activities
- Detects and responds to changes in the body’s internal and external environments
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
- Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
- Carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
- Regulates acid-base balance
- Regulates body temperature
- Helps defend against disease
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic fluid
- Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- Returns proteins and fluids to the blood
- Carries lipids from the GI tract to the blood
- Helps defend against disease
What are the components of the respiratory system?
- Pharynx, larynx, trachea
- Bronchial tubes
- Lungs
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
- Regulates acid-base balance
- Voice production
What are the components of the digestive system?
- Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
- Liver, gall bladder, pancreas
What are the functions of the digestive system?
- Breaks down food
- Absorbs nutrients
- Eliminates wastes
What are the components of the urinary system?
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- Produces and eliminates urine
- Eliminates wastes
- Regulates blood composition
- Regulates acid-base balance
- Maintains mineral balance
- Regulates production of red blood cells
What are the components of the reproductive system?
- Gonads (testes, ovaries)
- Associated organs`
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
- Produces and stores gametes (sperm, oocytes)
- Produces hormones
What are the components of the integumentary system?
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Sweat glands
- Oil glands
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
- Protection
- Regulates body temperature
- Eliminates wastes
- Helps make vitamin D
- Cutaneous sensation
Describe the anatomical position.
- Standing erect
- Head level and eyes facing forward
- Upper limbs at the sides with palms turned forward
- Lower limbs such that the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward
What is the anatomical name for the head?
Cephalic
What is the anatomical name for the neck?
Cervical
What is the anatomical name for the chest, abdomen, and pelvis?
Trunk
What is the anatomical name for the chest and upper back?
Thoracic
What is the anatomical name for the lower back?
Lumbar
What is the anatomical name for the buttocks?
Gluteal
What is the anatomical name for the arm**?
Brachial (shoulder to elbow)
What is the anatomical name for the forearm?
Antibrachial (elbow to wrist)
What is the anatomical name for the wrist?
Carpal
What is the anatomical name for the hand?
Palmar/Dorsal
What is the anatomical name for the thigh?
Femoral (hip to knee)
What is the anatomical name for the leg?
Crural (knee to ankle)
What is the anatomical name for the ankle?
Tarsal
What is the anatomical name for the foot?
Plantar/Dorsal
What do the upper limbs include?
brachial, antibrachial, carpal, palmar/dorsal
What do the lower limbs include?
femoral, crural, tarsal, and plantar/dorsal.
What are the cavities in the body?
- cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominopelvic cavity
What does inferior mean?
- away from the head
What does superior mean?
- towards the head
What does proximal mean?
- nearer to the attachment of the limb
What does distal mean?
- further from the attachment of the limb
What does medial mean?
- nearer to the midline
What does lateral mean?
- further from the midline
What does anterior mean?
- towards the front of the body
What does posterior mean?
- towards the back of the body
What does superficial mean?
- towards the surface of the body
What does deep mean?
- away from the surface of the body
What does ipsilateral mean?
- on the same side of the body
What does contralateral mean?
- on the opposite side of the body
What is an anatomical plane?
- An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body
What is an anatomical section?
- A cut through the body (or part of the body) along a plane
Describe the sagittal plane or section.
- Vertical
- Divides the body (or part) into left and right sides
What is a parasagittal plane?
- The plane does not pass through the midline (unequal left and right sides)
Describe the frontal plane and section,
- Vertical
- Divides the body (or part) into anterior and posterior portions
Describe the transverse plane and section.
- Horizontal
- Divides the body (or part) into superior and inferior portions
What is an oblique plane or section?
- Passes through the body (or part) at an angle between two of the other planes
