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KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The blood serves several important functions. What are they?

A
  • carries substances to cells (O2, nutrients, hormones)
  • carries substances away from cells (CO2, wastes)
  • regulates the acid-base balance in the body through the use of buffers
  • regulates body temperature by absorbing heat internally and releasing it peripherally (i.e., in the skin)
  • helps defend against disease (WBCs, antibodies)
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2
Q

What are the three basic layers of the blood cells?

A
  • tunica externa – connective tissue
  • tunica media – smooth muscle & elastic connective tissue
  • tunica interna – epithelial tissue
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3
Q

What kind of cells is the tunica media made of?

A
  • smooth muscle

- elastic connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the elastic connective tissue of the tunica media. important?

A
  • allows the blood vessel to stretch and recoil as the pressure within it fluctuates
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5
Q

What is the smooth muscle of the tunica media important?

A
  • regulates the diameter of the blood vessel (primarily controlled by the ANS)
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6
Q

What is the lumen?

A
  • is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery
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7
Q

What are the five types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
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8
Q

Describe the purpose and structure of arteries.

A
  • carry blood away from the heart

- have relatively thick walls which allows for an increased ability to stretch with each heartbeat

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9
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A
  • largest arteries
  • consists of the aorta and the major branches
  • tunica media is predominantly elastic connective tissue
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10
Q

Why are the elastic fibres in elastic arteries important?

A
  • recoil of these elastic fibres helps propel blood away from the heart
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11
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A
  • medium-sized arteries

- tunica media is predominantly smooth muscle

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12
Q

Why is smooth muscle important in muscular arteries?

A
  • abundance of smooth muscle allows for more control of blood flow
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13
Q

What are arterioles?

A
  • “little arteries”

- small blood vessels that connect arteries to capillaries

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14
Q

What type of cells are the tunica media in arterioles made up of and why?

A
  • contains lots of smooth muscle, which is used to tightly regulate the
    amount of blood entering capillaries
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15
Q

What are capillaries?

A
  • very small, highly-branched blood vessels that form networks among the individual cells of the body
  • do not contain a tunica externa or tunica media
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16
Q

Why are the walls of capillaries so thin?

A
  • allow the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding cells
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17
Q

What are venules?

A
  • “little veins”

- small blood vessels emerging from capillaries that start the route back to the heart

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18
Q

What do veins do?

A
  • carry blood to the heart
  • have relatively thin walls
  • would essentially collapse if they were not filled with blood
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19
Q

What mechanisms assists the flow of blood through the veins?

A
  • pumping action of the heart
  • valves that prevent the back flow of blood
  • “skeletal muscle pump”
  • “respiratory pump”
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20
Q

What is skeletal muscle pump?

A
  • contraction of skeletal muscles compresses the veins of the upper and lower limbs
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21
Q

What is respiratory pump?

A
  • fluctuations in abdominal cavity pressure during respiration compresses abdominal veins
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22
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A
  • clot (thrombus) may form in a deep vein (most common in the lower limbs)
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23
Q

What are the risk factors of deep vein thrombosis?

A
  • trauma, long periods of immobilization (e.g., flights, casts), certain drugs (e.g., HRT, oral contraceptives)
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24
Q

What are some symptoms of DVT (if present)?

A
  • swelling/warmth, local pain/tenderness, distension of superficial veins
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25
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A
  • a clot can detach (embolus) and get trapped within blood vessels
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26
Q

What are some symptoms of PE?

A
  • chest pain, shortness of breath, cyanosis (bluish cast to the skin and mucous membranes)
  • can affect both sides of the heart, which can lead to cardiac arrest and death
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27
Q

Are there more veins or arteries?

A
  • veins greatly outnumber arteries
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28
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A
  • pressure on arterial walls during ventricular contraction
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29
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A
  • pressure on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation
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30
Q

What is “mmHg”?

A
  • the pressure exerted by 1mm of mercury
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31
Q

What controls the feedback systems of cardiovascular regulation?

A
  • controlled by the cardiovascular (CV) centre in the medulla oblongata
  • receives input from various sources and relays output signals to the heart and blood vessels via the ANS
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32
Q

Where does the input to the cardiovascular center (brain) come from?

A
  • from higher brain centers
  • proprioceptors (joint movements)
  • baroreceptors (blood pressure)
  • chemoreceptors (blood acidity)
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33
Q

Where does the output from the cardiovascular center (brain) go?

A
  • heart (decreased and decrease HR, contractility)

- blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

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34
Q

Which nerves aid in the output of the cardiovascular center (brain)

A
  • vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
  • cardiac accelerator nerves (sympathetic)
  • vasomotor nerves (sympathetic)
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35
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A
  • system of blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the majority of the body and return deoxygenated blood to the heart
  • blood LOSES oxygen
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36
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • system of blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and return oxygenated blood to the heart
  • blood GAINS oxygen
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37
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A
  • the aorta
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38
Q

What are the four sections of the arteries of systemic circulation?

A
  • arch of the aorta (head, neck, upper limbs)
  • thoracic aorta
  • abdominal aorta
  • ascending aorta (heart)
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39
Q

What are the branches of the ascending aorta?

A
  • right coronary, left coronary
40
Q

What are the branches of the arch of the aorta (chest)?

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • right subclavian
  • right common carotid
  • left common carotid
  • left subclavian
41
Q

What are the branches of the arch of the aorta (head)?

A
  • extern carotid artery
  • internal carotid artery
  • vertebral artery
42
Q

Explain the vertebral arteries in the skull.

A
  • vertebral arteries join inside the cranium to form the basilar artery
  • has branches that join with the internal carotid arteries
  • ring of communicating arteries is called the cerebral arterial circle
43
Q

What are the branches subclavian (upper limb)?

A
  • axillary artery
  • brachial artery
  • radial artery
  • ulnar artery
44
Q

What are the two branch of the thoracic artery?

A
  • visceral arteries (organs but not heart)

- parietal arteries (bones and muscles)

45
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries do?

A
  • move deoxygenated blood to the alveoli (a)
46
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A
  • move oxygenated blood from the alveoli (v)
47
Q

What do the bronchial arteries do?

A
  • move oxygenated blood to the lung tissue (a)
48
Q

What do the bronchial veins do?

A
  • move deoxygenated blood from the lung tissue
49
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta - unpaired visceral arteries?

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • inferior mesenteric artery
50
Q

The celiac trunk provides blood to which organs?

A
  • stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen
51
Q

The superior mesenteric artery provides blood to which organs?

A
  • small and large intestine
52
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery provides blood to which organs?

A
  • large intestine
53
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta - paired visceral arteries?

A
  • suprarenal artery
  • renal artery
  • gonadal artery
54
Q

The suprarenal artery provides blood to which organs?

A
  • adrenal glands
55
Q

The renal artery provides blood to which organs?

A
  • kidneys
56
Q

The gonadal artery provides blood to which organs?

A
  • gonads (ovaries, testes)
57
Q

What are the paired terminal branches?

A
  • common iliac artery
  • internal iliac artery (pelvic cavity, external genitals)
  • external iliac artery
58
Q

What are the several branches of the external iliac artery?

A
  • femoral artery
  • popliteal artery
  • fibular artery (lateral)
  • anterior tibial artery
  • posterior tibial artery
59
Q

What are the two types of veins?

A
  • superficial and deep veins
60
Q

Where are superficial veins located?

A
  • the subcutaneous tissue
61
Q

Where are deep veins located?

A
  • accompany arteries
62
Q

What are the three veins that drain into the right atrium?

A
  • coronary sinus
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
63
Q

Which veins drain into the superior vena cava?

A
  • left and right brachiocephalic

- azygos vein

64
Q

What are the veins of the head and neck (branch off the brachiocephalic vein)?

A
  • external jugular vein (external skull and structures)
  • right vertebral vein (neck)
  • right axillary
  • right internal jugular (brain)
65
Q

What do the dural sinuses do?

A
  • collect venous blood from the brain and merge to form the internal jugular veins at the jugular foramina
66
Q

What are the deep veins of the upper limbs?

A
  • axillary vein
  • brachial vein
  • radial vein
  • ulnar vein
67
Q

What are the superficial veins of the upper limbs?

A
  • cephalic vein (lateral portion)

- basilic vein (medial)

68
Q

What are the veins of the thorax?

A
  • azygos vein
  • accessory hemiazygos vein
  • hemiazygos vein
69
Q

What are the veins of the abdomen and pelvis?

A
  • hepatics
  • suprarenal veins
  • renal veins
  • gonadal veins
  • external iliac veins
  • internal iliac veins
70
Q

Which veins are part of hepatic portal circulation?

A
  • splenic vein
  • superior mesenteric vein
  • inferior mesenteric vein
71
Q

Does the GI tract drain directly into the inferior vena cava?

A
  • no
72
Q

Explain the portal system of veins.

A
  • veins drains blood from its organs (and the spleen)

into the liver

73
Q

Why do the veins drain into the liver?

A
  • allows the liver first access to the nutrients absorbed from the gut and allows
    it to detoxify this blood before it joins the general circulation via the hepatic veins
74
Q

What are the deep veins of the lower limbs?

A
  • femoral vein
  • popliteal vein
  • anterior tibial vein
  • posterior tibial vein
75
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limbs?

A
  • small and great saphenous vein
76
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymphatic vessels
  • organs (and other structures) that contain lymphatic tissue
  • red bone marrow
77
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • transports interstitial fluid and plasma proteins to the blood (lymphatic vessels)
  • transports dietary lipids from the GI tract to the blood (lymphatic vessels)
  • helps defend against disease through the production, maturation, and proliferation of lymphocytes (lymphatic tissue & red bone marrow)
78
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels located?

A
  • between capillaries and their surrounding cells is a small fluid-filled space
79
Q

How are substances exchanged between capillaries and cells?

A
  • interstitial fluid
80
Q

What helps the movement of lymph?

A
  • assisted by valves and “pumps” (e.g., skeletal muscle, respiratory)
81
Q

Smaller lymph vessels unite to form…

A
  • lymph trunks, which unite to form lymphatic ducts
82
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts named?

A
  • thoracic (left) duct

- right lymphatic duct

83
Q

The thoracic duct receives lymph from where?

A
  • the entire let side of the body and the lower portion of the right side of the body
84
Q

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from where?

A
  • upper portion of the right side of the body
85
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph?

A
  • junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein (i.e., where the left brachiocephalic vein is formed)
86
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A
  • junction of the right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein (i.e., where the right brachiocephalic vein is formed)
87
Q

What do the lymph nodes do?

A
  • remove foreign substances through filtering lymph, phagocytosis, and immune reaction
  • small bean-shaped structures that are scattered along lymphatic vessels throughout the body
88
Q

Discuss red bone marrows purpose in the lymphatic system.

A
  • produces most of the stem cells that eventually form the various types of blood cells
89
Q

Discuss lymphocytes purpose in the lymphatic system.

A
  • a type of white blood cell

- migrate to specific locations in the body that contain a specialized form of connective tissue called lymphatic tissue

90
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs and what do they do?

A
  • convert stem cells into mature blood cells
  • red bone marrow – gives rise to mature B-lymphocytes and immature T-lymphocytes
  • thymus – gives rise to mature T-lymphocytes
91
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs and what do they do?

A
  • secondary lymphatic organs
  • where lymphocytes get “activated”
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
92
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A
  • in the superior mediastinum (thoracic cavity)
93
Q

How can lymph nodes become enlarged?

A
  • an active infection – soft, movable, tender

- an accumulation of cancer cells – firm, fixed, non-tender

94
Q

What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

A
  • the spleen
95
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A
  • left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity
96
Q

What is the purpose of the spleen?

A
  • lymphocyte-activating functions

- the spleen also assists in the removal and destruction old blood cells

KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY (21 decks)

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