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KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY > Nerve Tissue & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Nerve Tissue & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two sectors of the nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system

- peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the central nervous system?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the two division of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • cranial nerves

- spinal nerves

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4
Q

What do the cranial nerves and spinal nerves branch off to?

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • enteric nervous system
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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • sympathetic division

- parasympathetic division

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6
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do for sensory distribution?

A
  • sensory: external stimuli
  • somatic receptors (touch and pain)
  • special senses such as vision and hearing
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7
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do for motor distribution?

A
  • skeletal muscles
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8
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do for sensory distribution?

A
  • internal stimuli (visceral organs)
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9
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do for motor distribution?

A
  • visceral organ
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10
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do for sensory distribution?

A
  • internal stimuli (GI tract)
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11
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do for motor distribution?

A
  • GI tract
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12
Q

What 2 types of cells does nervous tissue consist of?

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia

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13
Q

What are neurons?

A
  • functional unit cells
  • “unique functions” of the nervous system (sensation, information processing, control functions)
  • communicate via electrical signals and chemical messengers
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14
Q

What are neuroglia?

A
  • support cells
  • nourish and protect neurons
  • preserve the physical and biochemical structure of nervous tissue
  • smaller but much more abundant than neurons
  • CNS and PNS have different types of neuroglia
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15
Q

What is the input of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
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16
Q

What do dendrites do?

A
  • slender processes that branch out from the cell body
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17
Q

What is the output of a neuron?

A
  • axon
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18
Q

What do axons do?

A
  • single long process extending out from the cell body
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19
Q

What do axon terminals do?

A
  • transmit signals to a

neuron/effector

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20
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron do?

A
  • expanded portion that contains most of the typical cellular “bits”
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21
Q

Describe the structural classifications of multipolar neurons?

A
  • many dendrites and
    one axon
  • most common
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22
Q

Describe the structural classifications of bipolar neurons?

A
  • one dendrite and one axon

- special sense organs (eyes and ears)

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23
Q

Describe the structural classifications of unipolar neurons?

A
  • dendrites and axon are fused

- sensory neurons of the PNS

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24
Q

What are sensory (afferent) neurons?

A
  • deliver signals from peripheral receptors to the CNS
  • primarily unipolar neurons whose cell bodies are located in peripheral sensory
    ganglia
  • ARRIVE
  • Bottom - Up (CNS)
  • Outside- In (PNS)
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25
Q

What are interneurons neurons?

A
  • transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons (distribute sensory information and coordinate motor activity)
  • primarily multipolar neurons that are contained entirely within the CNS
  • EXIT
  • Top - Down (CNS)
  • Inside - Out (PNS)
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26
Q

What are motor efferent neurons?

A
  • deliver signals from the CNS to effectors (e.g., muscle cells, glands) in the periphery
  • primarily multipolar neurons whose cell bodies are located in spinal cord nuclei
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27
Q

What does the mnemonic SAME stand for?

A
  • Sensory/Afferent

- Motor/Efferent

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28
Q

What are the parts of CNS neuroglia?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglia
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29
Q

What are the parts of PNS neuroglia?

A
  • Satellite cells

- Schwann cells

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30
Q

What are astrocytes (CNS)?

A
  • guide neuron development
  • create a supportive framework
  • maintain the blood-brain barrier
  • regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid
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31
Q

What are oligodendrocytes (CNS)?

A
  • produce the myelin sheaths of (some) CNS neurons
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32
Q

What are ependymal cells (CNS)?

A
  • line the canals and ventricles of the CNS

- produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and assist in its circulation

33
Q

What are microglia (CNS)?

A
  • act as macrophages

remove cellular debris and pathogens

34
Q

What are satellite cells (PNS)?

A
  • astrocyte of the PNS
  • create a supportive framework
  • regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid
35
Q

What are the schwann cells?

A
  • oligodendrocyte of the PNS

- Produce the myelin sheaths of (some) PNS neurons

36
Q

What are the myelin and what are its functions?

A
  • fatty substance that gets wrapped around the
    axons of some neurons
  • protects/insulates the axon
  • increases the conduction speed of the axon
37
Q

What is white matter?

A
  • region of myelinated axons
38
Q

What is grey matter?

A
  • region of unmyelinated axon and/or neural cell bodies
39
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Autoimmune disease that leads to progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons in
    the CNS
  • unknown cause
  • starts between ages 20-40
40
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A
  • -70mV
41
Q

Why is there a different electrical charge between the inside and outside of neural cells?

A
  • difference in the number of positive and negative ions on either side of the cell membrane, with more negative ions being present within the cell (giving a negative value to the membrane potential)
42
Q

In neurons, electrical excitability changes and takes one of two forms. What are the names of these changes?

A
  • GRADED POTENTIALS (dendrites & cell bodies)

- ACTION POTENTIALS (axons)

43
Q

What are some aspects of graded potentials?

A 
- relatively small change in the resting potential that is localized to a small area of
the cell membrane
- can be either excitatory or inhibitory
- variable effect size
- can undergo summation
- diminish in intensity as they travel
44
Q

What are some aspects of action potentials?

A
  • relatively large electrical impulse that is generated when the resting potential
    reaches a certain threshold (usually ~-55mv)
  • always excitatory
  • “all or none”
  • travel along the length of an axon at a constant intensity
45
Q

Synapses can be either….?

A
  • electrical

- chemical

46
Q

How do electrical synapses transmit energy when it reaches the synaptic terminal?

A
  • direct transmission

- via small connecting channels

47
Q

How do chemical synapses transmit energy when it reaches the synaptic terminal?

A
  • indirect transmission

- vis the release of neurotransmitters

48
Q

Neurotransmitters have variable effects. What are these effects?

A
  • excitatory

- inhibitory

49
Q

What are excitatory effects?

A
  • produces a graded potential that brings the neuron’s cell membrane CLOSER to threshold
50
Q

What are inhibitory effects?

A
  • produces a graded potential that brings the neuron’s cell membrane FURTHER from threshold
51
Q

Neurons are constantly receive inputs from how many other neurons?

A
  • hundreds/thousands
52
Q

What is summation?

A
  • the process of adding things together
53
Q

How far does the spinal cord extend down the vertebral canal?

A
  • the top begins around the medulla oblongata and the bottom reaches the L1-2 vertebrae
54
Q

What is the point of the caudal (tail) end called?

A
  • the conus medullaris
55
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A
  • a strand

of fibrous tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

56
Q

What are the two regions of the spinal cord where there is an increased diameter?

A
  • cervical enlargement (C4-T1 vertebrae) – gives rise to the spinal nerves that innvervate the upper limbs
  • lumbar enlargement (T9-T12 vertebrae) – gives rise to the spinal nerves that
    innervate the lower limbs
57
Q

What is the name of the spot in the centre of the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A
  • central canal

- runs the length of the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

58
Q

What are the three regions of grey matter?

A
  • posterior (dorsal) horn
  • lateral horn
  • anterior (ventral) horn)
59
Q

What cell bodies are within the anterior (ventral) horn?

A
  • somatic motor neurons
60
Q

What cell bodies are within the posterior (dorsal) horn?

A
  • interneurons that relay sensory signals up the spinal cord
61
Q

What cell bodies are within the lateral horn?

A
  • autonomic motor neurons that are only present int eh T1-L2 and S2-S4 spinal corn segments
62
Q

What are the regions of white matter?

A
  • posterior columns
  • lateral columns
  • anterior columns
63
Q

What do each of the columns of white matter contain?

A
  • ascending (sensory) tracts and/or descending (motor) tracts
64
Q

The spinal cord is divided into how many segments?

A
  • 31
  • each segment gives
    rise to paired spinal nerves
65
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 8

- the eighth emerges below C7 vertebrae

66
Q

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 12
67
Q

How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 5
68
Q

How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 5
69
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 1
70
Q

What are the contents of the posterior (dorsal) root of the spinal cord?

A
  • made up of axons of sensory neurons

- cell bodies are within a posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

71
Q

What is the spinal nerve made up of?

A
  • sensory and motor axons

- “mixed”

72
Q

What is the anterior (ventral) root made up of?

A
  • axons of motor neurons

- cell bodies are within the anterior and lateral horns of the spinal cord

73
Q

Where does the spinal nerve emerge in the vertebral column?

A
  • intervertebral foramina
74
Q

Where do C1-C7 spinal nerves emerge?

A
  • exit superior to their corresponding vertebrae
75
Q

Where do the lumbar and thoracic spinal nerves emerge?

A
  • exit inferior to their corresponding vertebrae
76
Q

What is the collection of the nerve roots of the L2-Co1 spinal segments referred to as?

A
  • cauda equina
77
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome?

A
  • Compression of the cauda equina due to a space-occupying lesion in the vertebral canal inferior to the conus medullaris
78
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of cauda equina?

A
  • weakness and/or pain in the lower limbs (usually bilateral)
  • “saddle anaesthesia” (numbness in the genitals, buttocks, and inner thighs)
  • urinary and/or fecal incontinence
  • sexual dysfunction
79
Q

How is cauda equina treated?

A
  • surgical decompression

KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY (21 decks)

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