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KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three regions of the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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2
Q

What is found within the ciencephalon?

A
  • thalamus and the hypothalamus
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3
Q

What is the largest portion of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
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4
Q

What is a gyrus?

A
  • elevated ridge of folded grey matter
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5
Q

What is the core of the cerebrum made of?

A
  • white matter
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6
Q

What is a sulcus?

A
  • a depression in the grey matter of the cerebrum
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7
Q

Which fissure divides the brain into left and right hemispheres?

A
  • the longitudinal fissure
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8
Q

What is found at the floor of the longitudinal fissure?

A
  • corpus callosum
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9
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • a mass of transversely

running axons that connect the left and right hemispheres

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10
Q

The cerebral white matter consists of several tracts of axons that transmit signals
between the various portions of the cerebrum. What are the names of these tracts?

A
  • association tracts
  • commissural tracts
  • projection tracts
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11
Q

What do the association tracts do?

A
  • connect regions of the same hemisphere
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12
Q

What do the commissural tracts do?

A
  • connect analogous regions of the two hemispheres (the

largest of these tracts is the corpus callosum)

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13
Q

What do the projection tracts do?

A
  • carry signals between the cerebrum and other portions of the brain and spinal cord
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14
Q

What are the names of the four lobes in each hemisphere of the cerebral grey matter cortex?

A
  • parietal
  • frontal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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15
Q

How are the lobes separated?

A
  • prominent sulci
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16
Q

What lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus divide?

A
  • the parietal and occipital lobe
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17
Q

What lobes does the central sulcus divide?

A
  • the parietal and frontal lobe
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18
Q

What lobes does the lateral sulcus divide?

A
  • the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

- the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe

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19
Q

Why is the frontal lobe important? MOTOR HOMUNCULUS

A
  • primary motor area – initiation of voluntary movements
  • premotor area – a “memory bank” of learned movements
  • prefrontal cortex – “higher functions” (intellect, learning, memory, planning, judgment, personality, mood)
  • articulation of speech
  • recognition of olfactory stimuli
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20
Q

Why is the parietal lobe important? SENSORY HOMUNCULUS

A
  • primary somatosensory area – perception of somatic sensations
  • common integrative area – receives and integrates information from a variety of sensory inputs (somatic, visual, smell)
  • object recognition based on touch (shape, texture)
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21
Q

Why is the temporal lobe important?

A
  • primary auditory area – perception of auditory sensations
  • primary olfactory area – perception of olfactory sensations
  • recognition of auditory stimuli
  • recognition of faces
22
Q

Why is the occipital lobe important?

A
  • primary visual area – perception of visual sensations

- recognition of visual stimuli

23
Q

What are the major functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • monitors and adjusts voluntary movements
  • assists in the coordination of complex movements
  • regulates muscle tone, posture, and balance
24
Q

What is the second largest portion of the brain?

A
  • cerebellum
25
Q

What are the major functions of the thalamus?

A
  • relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum to
    the cerebral cortex
  • helps maintain consciousness
26
Q

What is the thalamus made up of?

A
  • a mass of nuclei (grey matter) and tracts (white matter) located in the walls of
    the diencephalon
27
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A
  • mass of nuclei located in the “floor” of the diencephalon

- connected to the pituitary gland via a narrow stalk called the infundibulum

28
Q

What are the major functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
  • regulates activity in the ANS
  • regulates emotions, behaviour, hunger, thirst, body temperature
29
Q

What is the midbrain made up of and where is it located?

A
  • a mass of nuclei and tracts located at the cranial end of the brain stem
30
Q

What are the major functions of the midbrain?

A
  • generates motor reflex responses to visual and auditory stimuli
  • assists in the control of voluntary movements
31
Q

What is the pons made up of and where is it located?

A
  • a mass of nuclei and tracts located in the middle of the brain stem
32
Q

What are the major functions of the pons?

A
  • relays motor signals from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
  • helps control breathing
33
Q

What is the medulla oblongata made up of and where is it located?

A
  • funnel shaped mass of nuclei and tracts located at the caudal end of the brain
    stem that is continuous with the spinal cord
34
Q

What are the major functions of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • relays sensory signals for certain somatic sensations from the spinal cord to
    the thalamus
  • helps control breathing, heart rate, and blood vessel diameter
  • controls reflexes related to swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting
35
Q

Each part of the brain stem contains….?

A
  • nuclei that give rise to specific cranial nerves

- sensory and motor tracts that carry signals between the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A
  • special barrier is present around the vessels that carry blood to the brain
  • consists of: tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels
  • processes extending out from astrocytes that wrap around the blood vessels
  • allows certain substances to pass through the brain tissue
37
Q

What are the four ventricles of the brain?

A
  • lateral ventricles (2)
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
38
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles form?

A
  • within the cerebral hemispheres
39
Q

Where does the third ventricle form?

A
  • within the diencephalon
40
Q

Where does the fourth ventricle form?

A
  • between the brain stem and the cerebellum
41
Q

What connects the ventricles in the brain?

A
  • a series of canals and continuous inferiorly

with the central canal of the spinal cord

42
Q

What type of cells line the ventricles in the brain?

A
  • ependymal cells
43
Q

What do the ependymal cells produce?

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid
44
Q

What are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid?

A
  • physically supports the brain in space (it floats within the fluid)
  • acts as a cushion for nervous tissue
  • maintains the ionic environment
  • transport and exchange of nutrients and wastes
45
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord?

A
  • dura matter
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
46
Q

What is dura mater?

A
  • tough fibrous outer layer of connective tissue
  • has an outer and inner layer in the brain
  • the outer layer is fused to the overlying cranial bones
  • in certain locations, a cavity forms between the
    layers that holds a venous sinus (helps drain blood
    from the brain)
47
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A
  • trabecular (i.e., mesh-like) middle layer
48
Q

What is pia mater?

A
  • thin inner layer that is firmly bound to the underlying nervous tissue
49
Q

What is the purpose of meninges?

A
  • provide physical stability and shock absorption to
    the brain and spinal cord
  • also extend out and are continuous with the epineurium of
    the emerging spinal and cranial nerves
50
Q

What are the inward extensions of the dura mater in the cranial cavity?

A
  • falx cerebri – separates the cerebral hemispheres
  • falx cerebelli – separates the cerebellar hemispheres
  • tentorium cerebelli – separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
51
Q

What is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A
  • sub-arachnoid space

- continuous with the fourth ventricle and contains CSF

KIN 260 - HUMAN ANATOMY (21 decks)

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