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Bio 40B > Somatic Nervous System > Flashcards

Somatic Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

conscious/unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli

A

sensation

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2
Q

conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

A

perception

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3
Q

property by which sensation is distinguished from another

A

sensory modalities

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4
Q

how many modalities does a typical sensory neuron carry

A

one

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5
Q

what are the classes of sensory modality

A

general senses and special senses

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6
Q

what are the general senses

A

somatic and visceral senses, which provide info about conditions within internal organs

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7
Q

what are the special senses

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

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8
Q

for sensation to occur, what series of events must take place

A

stimulation, transduction, conduction and translation

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9
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

free nerve endings, encapsulted nerve endings at the dendrites of first order sensory neurons or separate cells that synpase with first order sensory neurons

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10
Q

when stimulated, what do the dendrites of free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and the receptive part of olfactory produce

A

graded potentials

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11
Q

what potential triggers action potentials; which does not

A

generator potential; receptor potential

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12
Q

according to location, receptors are classified

A

enteroceptors, interoceptors (visceroceptors), proprioceptors

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13
Q

on the basis of type of stimulus detected, receptors are classified

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors

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14
Q

somatic sensations

A

tactile sensations, thermal sensations, pain sensations

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15
Q

types of pain

A

somatic, and visceral

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16
Q

proprioceptive sensations

A

muscles spindles, tendon organs, and joint kinesthetic receptors

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17
Q

what is the difference between somatic sensations and cutaneous sensations

A

all cutaneous are somatic but not all somatic sensations happen in the skin

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18
Q

somatic sensory pathways

A

relay info from somatic receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex, posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway to the cortex, anterolateral pathways to the cortex, trigeminothalamic sensory pathways to the cortex, mapping the primary somatosensory area, somatic sensory pathways to the cerebellum

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19
Q

information about the temperature of the air around you would be sent to the brain by

A

exteroceptors

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20
Q

loss of ability to smell baking the cake after a few minutes is an example of what

A

rapid adaptation

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21
Q

muscles spindles and tendon organs are examples of

A

proprioceptors

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22
Q

the degree of muscle stretch is detected by

A

muscle spindles

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23
Q

somatic pain that arises from stimulation of skin receptors is classified as ___ pain

A

superficial somatic

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24
Q

proprioceptors are located in the

A

muscles and tendons

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25
Q

type II cutaneuous mechanoreceptors are located

A

deep in the dermis and in deeper tissues of the body

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26
Q

the organ that has the broadest area of referred pain is the

A

kidney

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27
Q

the type of pain felt from a puncture of a needle is called

A

fast pain

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28
Q

novocaines provides short-term relief of pain by blocking conduction of the nerve impulses at the level of the

A

axons of the first-order neurons

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29
Q

what is the function of the pacinian corpuscle

A

pressure

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30
Q

what is the function of the root hair plexus

A

touch

31
Q

sensory nerve fibers in the posterior column decussate at the level of the

A

medulla oblangata

32
Q

third-order neurons of somatic sensory pathway project

A

from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

33
Q

damage to the lateral spinothalamic tract could result in a lack of sensation of

A

pain and temperature

34
Q

the part of the body represented by the largest area of the somatosensory cortex is the

A

lips

35
Q

sensations of tickle and itch are conveyed from one side of the body to the opposite side of the cerebral hemisphere along the

A

anterior spinothalamic tract

36
Q

which tracts carry info about actual performance of muscles of the trunk and lower limbs to the cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar tracts

37
Q

what is true concerning voluntary motor impulses

A

they reach their effectors by way of the pyramidal pathways

38
Q

the major control region for initiation of voluntary movements of the body is the

A

primary motor area

39
Q

the corticobulbar tracts convey nerve impulses that control movements of the

A

head and neck

40
Q

the final common path to the skeletal muscles from both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways is the

A

lower motor neurons

41
Q

what part of the brain received info about planned activity, compares this with actual movements, and supplies corrective signals to other parts of the brain

A

cerebellum

42
Q

circadian rhythm refers to

A

a 24 hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness

43
Q

the reinforcement of memory due to the frequent retrieval of a piece of info is called

A

memory consolidation

44
Q

cerebral palsy is caused by

A

damage to the motor areas of the brain during fetal life, birth, or infancy

45
Q

alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles of the upper extremities, resulting in an uncontrollable shaking of the hands is a characteristic of

A

Parkinson disease

46
Q

pathways of somatic sensory pathways consist of

A

first order, second order, and third order neurons

47
Q

axon collaterals of somatic sensory neurons simultaneously carry signals into the ____ and the _____ of the ______

A

cerebellum; reticular formation; brain stem

48
Q

impulses conducted along the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway are concerned with _____, ____, and _____

A

discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibratory sensations

49
Q

what impulses does the anterolateral pathways carrys

A

mainly pain and temperature impulses

50
Q

the trigeminothalamic sensory pathways carry what impulses

A

tactile sensations, pain and temperature impulses from the face

51
Q

precise location of somatic sensations occurs at the

A

primary somatosensory area

52
Q

significance of mapping the primary somatosensory area

A

specific areas of the cerebral cortex receive somatic sensory input from particular parts of the body and other areas of the cerebral cortex provide output instructions for movement of particular parts of the body

53
Q

what are the major routes whereby proprioceptive impulses reach the cerebellum

A

posterior spinocerebellar and the anterior spinocerebellar

54
Q

LMNs (lower motor neurons) extend from the ______ or _____ to skeletal muscles

A

brain stem or spinal cord

55
Q

lower circuit neurons are located close to

A

LMNs cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord

56
Q

lower circuit neurons and LMNs receive input from

A

UMNs (upper motor neurons)

57
Q

what provides input to UMNs

A

neurons of the basal ganglia

58
Q

what also controls activity of the UMNs

A

cerebellar neurons

59
Q

what is a major control region for voluntary movements

A

primary motor area in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

60
Q

what pathways provide input to LMNs from the cortex

A

direct or pyramidal motor pathways

61
Q

what pathways provide input to LMNs from motor centers in the brain stem

A

indirect motor pathways

62
Q

name direct pathways

A

corticospinal tracts and corticobulbar tracts

63
Q

what results in the various tracts of the pyramidal system conveying impulses from the cerebral cortex

A

precise muscular movements

64
Q

what do the corticospinal tracts promote

A

voluntary movements of the limbs and trunks

65
Q

what do the corticobulbar tracts promote

A

voluntary movements of the head

66
Q

what do the extrapyramidal tracts(indirect pathways) include

A

all somatic motor tracts other than direct tracts

67
Q

major indirect tracts

A

rubriospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal tracts

68
Q

what parts of the brain is involved in indirect motor pathways

A

motor cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, and nuclein in brain stem

69
Q

roles of the basal ganglia (2)

A

1) help program habitual or automatic responses and set an appropriate level of muscle tone
2) selectively inhibits other motor neuron circuits that are intrinsically active or excitatory

70
Q

impairment of the basal ganglia results in

A

uncontrollable, abnormal body movement, often accompanied by muscle rigidity and tremors

71
Q

name some basal ganglia disorders

A

Parkinsons, Huntingtons, and Tourette Syndrome

72
Q

the cerebellum is involved in

A

learning and performin rapid, coordinated, highly skilled movements and in maintaining proper posture and equilibrium

73
Q

4 aspects of cerebellar function

A

1) monitoring intent for movement
2) monitoring actual movement
3) comparing input with actual performance
4) sending out corrective signals

Bio 40B (25 decks)

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