Respiratory System pt 2

Question 1

basics of breathing

Answer 1

pulmonary ventilation

Question 2

process of bringing air into the lungs

Answer 2

inhalation (inspiration)

Question 3

law that states that the volume of gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming that temperature is constant

Answer 3

Boyle’s Law

Question 4

first step in expanding lungs

Answer 4

contraction of the diaphragm

Question 5

When does inhalation occur

Answer 5

when alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure; contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle increases the size of the thorax, thus decreasing the intrapleural pressure so that the lungs expand

Question 6

movement of air out of the lungs

Answer 6

exhalation (expiration)

Question 7

When does exhalation occur

Answer 7

When alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure; Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs, which increase intrapleural pressure, decrease lung volume, and increase alveolar pressure so that air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere

Question 8

other factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

Answer 8

surface tension, surfactant

Question 9

air volumes and rate of ventilation measured by what

Answer 9

spirometer

Question 10

volume of 1 breath

Answer 10

Tidal volume

Question 11

additional inhaled air; deep breath

Answer 11

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 12

extra 1200 mL in males and 700 mL in females when exhaled

Answer 12

expiratory reserve volume

Question 13

air that remains in the lungs even after ERV

Answer 13

residual volume

Question 14

sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 14

inspiratory capacity

Question 15

sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

vital capacity

Question 16

sum of vital capacity and residual volume

Answer 16

total lung capacity

Question 17

Gas law that states each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present

Answer 17

Dalton’s Law

Question 18

pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gases

Answer 18

partial pressure of a gas

Question 19

Gas law that states that the quantity of gas will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temperature remains constant

Answer 19

Henry’s Law

Question 20

Oxygen transport

Answer 20

partial is dissolved in plasma, majority is carried with hemoglobin inside RBCs as oxyhemoglobin

Question 21

Carbon dioxide transport

Answer 21

dissolved, carbaminohohemoglobin, bicarbonate ions

Question 22

what causes oxygen to split from Hgb

Answer 22

carbon dioxide in blood

Question 23

what causes the release of carbon dioxide from blood

Answer 23

binding of oxygen

Question 24

where is the respiratory center located

Answer 24

bilaterally in the reticular formation of the brain stem

Question 25

what does the respiratory center consist of

Answer 25

medullary rhythmicity area (inspiratory and expiratory areas), pneumotaxic area, and apneustic area

Question 26

area that controls basic rhythm of respiration

Answer 26

medullary rhythmicity area

Question 27

where is the pneumotaxic area located

Answer 27

in the upper pons

Question 28

function of the pneumotaxic area

Answer 28

helps coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration

Question 29

function of apneustic area

Answer 29

sends impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inspiration, which inhibits expiration

Question 30

how is the respiratory center regulated

Answer 30

through cortical influences and and chemoreceptors

Question 31

Law that states that a volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure

Answer 31

Boyle's Law

Question 32

inwardly directed force in the alveoli which must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration

Answer 32

surface tension

Question 33

decreases the size of the alveoli during expiration

Answer 33

elastic recoil

Question 34

ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded

Answer 34

compliance

Question 35

what are some factors that affect the affinity of Hgb

Answer 35

PO2, pH, temperature, BPG, Type of HgB

Question 36

Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in external respiration

Answer 36

O2 will diffuse from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries; CO2 moves in the opposite direction

Question 37

Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in internal respiration

Answer 37

will diffuse from systemic capillaries into tissue; CO2 moves in opposite direction

Question 38

Explain how the nervous system controls breathing

Answer 38

> The DRG controls nerves that innervate the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves which controls external intercostal muscles and diaphragm (inhalation) and when these muscles relax (exhalation) > DRG also is in charge or normal restful breathing > VRG controls accessory muscles of breathing which are activated in order to get LARGE inhalation or exhalation > The pons respiratory group is in charge of specialized activities of breath such as singing